策略博弈、约束性激励与规制“软化”——环境规制的悖论及其治理

作为政府缓解生态治理危机的一种重要手段,环境规制已经渗透到环境治理的各个领域中。已有研究表明,“环境外部不经济性”是造成环境规制失灵的重要原因,而环境规制的悖论即是规制主体间策略博弈和激励结构重组的缺失使其呈现出局部有效和范围性失控的规制“软化”结果,并非整体性的规制失灵。策略博弈表现为政企联盟和央地“委托—代理”关系,导致目标置换和过程异化。约束性激励表现为央地之间的激励错配和地方政府与企业的激励阻滞,过度关注晋升的“硬指标”。为扭转规制“软化”局面,应采取“助推式”环境规制,逐渐从命令—控制式规制工具向混合式规制工具转变,从约束性激励向兼容性激励转变,从策略博弈向动态均衡博弈转变,实现环境规制“软化”向制度创新的过程转变。

Research on temperature rise of hoisting machine disk brake

A mathematical model and finite element model for analysis of temperature rise of the hoisting machine brake sys- tem was constructed, limit conditions were defined, and the law of temperature rise of brake shoes during emergent brake course was analyzed and calculated by using finite element software. By analyzing the calculation results, the law of tempera- ture change of surface of brake disk and shoes during the braking process was found. The law of brake shoes surface tempera- ture distribution and the law of temperature change along with thickness of brake shoes at brake time 0.5 s, 1.0 s and 1.5 s was analyzed. A hoisting machine emergent braking test was carried out. Finally, the author concluded that velocity rebound in the process of hoisting machine emergent brake is due to decreased friction coefficient caused by the temperature rise of the brake shoes surface.