针对由于血管类间具有强相似性造成的动静脉错误分类问题,提出了一种新的融合上下文信息的多尺度视网膜动静脉分类网络(multi-scale retinal artery and vein classification network,MCFNet),该网络使用多尺度特征(multi-scale feature...针对由于血管类间具有强相似性造成的动静脉错误分类问题,提出了一种新的融合上下文信息的多尺度视网膜动静脉分类网络(multi-scale retinal artery and vein classification network,MCFNet),该网络使用多尺度特征(multi-scale feature,MSF)提取模块及高效的全局上下文信息融合(efficient global contextual information aggregation,EGCA)模块结合U型分割网络进行动静脉分类,抑制了倾向于背景的特征并增强了血管的边缘、交点和末端特征,解决了段内动静脉错误分类问题。此外,在U型网络的解码器部分加入3层深度监督,使浅层信息得到充分训练,避免梯度消失,优化训练过程。在2个公开的眼底图像数据集(DRIVE-AV,LES-AV)上,与3种现有网络进行方法对比,该模型的F1评分分别提高了2.86、1.92、0.81个百分点,灵敏度分别提高了4.27、2.43、1.21个百分点,结果表明所提出的模型能够很好地解决动静脉分类错误的问题。展开更多
Background: Arteriovenous dissection (sheathotomy) is a new therapeutic option in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and macular involvement. We present an angiographic follow-up of 22 patients who und...Background: Arteriovenous dissection (sheathotomy) is a new therapeutic option in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and macular involvement. We present an angiographic follow-up of 22 patients who underwent arteriovenous dissection (AVD). Methods: Twenty-two patients (15 women; mean age 68.7±8.0 y ears) were examined preoperatively and 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year a fter AVD. For assessment of retinal hemodynamics, arteriovenous passage time (AV P) of the affected and unaffected branches at first (AVPe) and at maximal (AVPma x) venous filling were measured. Changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ)were calculated to determine foveal structural changes. Visual acuity was assessed as functional parameter. Results: The early AVP (AVPe) of the affected branch incr eased from 4.4±0.8 s preoperatively to 4.9±0.6 s 6 weeks after surgery and dec reased to 2.7±0.4 s 1 year after surgery (p=0.05). When compared to the unaffec ted control branch, AVPe was significantly increased in the affected branch preo peratively (4.5±0.8 s versus 1.5±0.2 s, p< 0.01), 6 weeks (4.9±0.6 s versus 2 .1±0.3 s, p< 0.01), 3 months (2.7±0.4 s versus 1.5±0.2 s, p < 0.01), and 6 mo nths (3.1±0.4 s versus 2.2±0.3 s, p=0.02) after AVD. After 1 year, AVPe no lon ger differed between the affected and the control branch (2.7±0.4 s versus 2.6 ±0.3 s). AVPmax was significantly increased in the affected branch preoperative ly (11.8±0.8 s versus 7.7±1.0 s, p < 0.05). The AVPmax in the affected branch with the exception of 3 months after surgery (10.2±1.1 s, p < 0.01) was no long er elevated when compared to preoperative values. The area of the FAZ did not ch ange significantly but showed a trend for enlargement. Conclusion: AVD for decom pression of BRVO leads to a significant decrease of AVP and may ameliorate retin al perfusion in the affected branch.展开更多
compare the results of vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous (AV) crossing sheathotomy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRV O). Interventional case series. A retrospective study of 3...compare the results of vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous (AV) crossing sheathotomy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRV O). Interventional case series. A retrospective study of 36 eyes with BRVO-asso ciated macular edema. Twenty eyes underwent AV sheathotomy (AS group), and 16 ey es underwent posterior vitreous detachment (PVD group). Best-corrected visual a cuity (BCVA), fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography to determine foveal thickness were conducted preoperatively and at 12 months postop eratively. The mean postoperative BCVAs were significantly better in both the AS and the PVD group (P =. 008 and P=. 001, respectively). Foveal thickness decrea sed significantly 1 month after surgery in both groups (P=. 002 and P=. 007) and continued to decrease up to 12 months. The postoperative mean BCVA and improvem ent of BCVA and foveal thickness were not significantly different for the two gr oups at any postoperative period. Postoperative FA showed reperfusion of the occ luded vein in 10 eyes in the AS group and 2 eyes in the PVD group, and formation of shunt vessels at the AV crossing site or around the macular region in all of the other eyes of both groups. Both AV sheathotomy and simple PVD significantly reduced macular edema associated with BRVO. However, there was no significant d ifference in the improvement of macular function following either procedure. Pos toperative improvement of retinal circulation by either reperfusion of the occlu ded vein or collateral vessel formation was found. This accounted for functional and morphologic improvements.展开更多
Background: Retinal vessels may provide information on cerebral vascular pathology, because they share many features with cerebral vessels. A smaller ratio of the retinal arteriolar-to-venular diameters reportedly pre...Background: Retinal vessels may provide information on cerebral vascular pathology, because they share many features with cerebral vessels. A smaller ratio of the retinal arteriolar-to-venular diameters reportedly predicts the risk of stroke. It is unclear if this is due to arteriolar narrowing or venular dilation. Objective: To investigate whether smaller arteriolar or larger venular diameters are related to the risk of stroke and cerebral infarction. Methods: This study was based on the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study and included 5,540 participants of 55 years or over, who had gradable fundus transparencies and were free of stroke at baseline (1990 to 1993). For each participant, retinal arteriolar and venular diameters were measured on digitized images of one eye. Follow-up for first-ever stroke was complete until January 1, 2002. Results: After a mean follow-up of 8.5 years, 411 participants had a stroke, of whom 259 had cerebral infarction. Larger venular diameters were associated with an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR] adjusted for age and sex per SD increase: 1.12 [95%CI: 1.02 to 1.24]) and cerebral infarction (HR: 1.15 [95%CI: 1.02 to 1.29]). Smaller arteriolar diameters were neither related to the risk of stroke (HR per SD decrease: 1.02 [95%CI: 0.93 to 1.13]) nor to the risk of cerebral infarction (HR: 1.02 [95%CI: 0.90 to 1.15]). After additional adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, the results did not change. Conclusions: Larger retinal venular diameters are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cerebral infarction. The role of venules in cerebrovascular disease warrants further exploration.展开更多
Purpose:To measure the oxygen saturation(SO2)in retinal arterioles and venules in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy.Methods:We examined SO2 in retinal arterioles and venules simultaneously by imaging spectro...Purpose:To measure the oxygen saturation(SO2)in retinal arterioles and venules in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy.Methods:We examined SO2 in retinal arterioles and venules simultaneously by imaging spectrometry.Oxygen saturationwas evaluated according to the difference of the extinction spectra of haemoglobin and oxyhaemog-lobin.The arterio-venous difference(avD)was calculated by(SO2art-SO2ven).The optic nerve head topography was estimated by Heidelberg retinal tomography and the visual field using the Octopus G1.We examined one eye in each of 58 healthy persons(mean age 58.6 ± 10.7 years;mean rim area 1.52± 0.33mm2;mean defect 0.65± 1.31 dB;mean intraocular pressure IOP 18.5± 2.7 mmHg),49 patients with normal-tension primary open-angle glaucoma(NTG)(mean age 63.0± 8.5 years;mean rim area 0.89± 0.34 mm2;mean defect 5.4± 4.1dB;mean IOP 19.2± 2.9 mmHg),and 45 patients with high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)(mean age 62.6± 10.3 years;mean rim area 0.97± 0.47 mm2;mean defect 7.1± 6.4 dB;mean IOP 31.6± 10.8 mmHg).Results:The intraclass correlation coefficients of the SO2 measurement were 0.82(arteriole)and 0.59(venule).In normal eyes,the SO2art,SO2ven and avD were 92.3± 3.4%,55.7 ± 6.8% and 36.6± 7.0%,respectively.Equivalent data were 89.7± 5.4%,56.0± 8.3% and 33.7± 10.6%,respectively,in NTG eyes and 91.4± 4.0%,58.3± 10.5% and 33.1± 11.5%,respectively,in POAG eyes.Over all examined eyes,the arteriolar SO2 and the retinal arterio-venous difference correlated significantly with the rim area.Conclusion:Eyes with NTG showed significantly decreased arteriolar SO2.These changes were not seen in POAG patients.展开更多
Background: Cerebral and retinal vessels behave similarly under the influence of vascular risk factors. Several groups have shown that retinal microvascular abnormalities represent an independent risk factor with rega...Background: Cerebral and retinal vessels behave similarly under the influence of vascular risk factors. Several groups have shown that retinal microvascular abnormalities represent an independent risk factor with regard to strokes and heart attacks. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to perform a prospective screening examinationwith regard to retinalmicrovascular abnormalities as well as an extended vessel diagnosis in a subgroup of patients with lower arteriovenous risk values. Methods: In the course of a prospective cross-sectional study (“Talking Eyes”) between 1.9.2001 and 1.8.2002 a telemedical-supported screening of the retina (study 1) was carried out in 7,163 subjects. The patients were selected without any inclusion or exclusion criteria. The mean age was 48.2±8 years (18-83 years) with a sex distribution of 39.2%females to 60.8%males. Digital fundus photos of the right and left eyes were taken for all patients. The pictures were taken without pupil dilation using a CANON-NM camera. The pictures and case histories were stored in a central server using web-based software (MedStage, Siemens). In a central reading centre, the arteriovenous ratio of both eyes was determined telemedically using the Parr-Hubbard formula and the retinas subjected to a standardised examination by an ophthalmologist. The retinal risk factor was calculated on the basis of the arteriovenous ration, the presence of microvascular abnormalities and the case history. The reproducibility of measurement of the arteriovenous ratio (Kronbach alpha coefficient) was evaluated by double measurements on 1,332 images. In a subgroup of study 1 with arteriovenous ratio values < 0.76 (N=107), an extended vessel diagnosis with measurement of 24-h blood pressure and vessel-relevant blood values (homocysteine, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, CRP, TG, HbA1c) was carried out (study II). Results: Study 1: The Kronbach alpha coefficient as a measure of reproducibility amounted to 0.77. The mean arteriovenous ratio of the retinal vessels was 0.83±0.09 and showed a pronounced age dependence (R=0.9, p< 0.0001). On multivariate testing the arteriovenous ratio correlated significantly (R=0.33, p< 0.001) with the factors age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index. Diastolic blood pressure followed by age had the largest influence. The prevalence of microvascular abnormalities in the right (RE) and left (LE)-eyes, respectively were: cotton wool foci RE 0.0015%, LE 0.003%, retinal haemorrhage RE 0.1%, LE 0.1%, focal stenoses RE 3.4%, LE 3.4%, tortuositas vasorumRE 4.1%, LE 4.0%, arteriovenous crossing signs RE 11.2%, LE 11.2%. On multivariate testing the occurrence of microvascular abnormalities correlated significantly (R=0.38, p < 0.001) with the factors high blood pressure known from case history, body mass index, and gender. Arterial hypertension had the strongest influence followed by diastolic blood pressure. The calculated retinal risk factor correlated with the prevalence of angina pectoris. Study 11: 2/3 of the subjects with arteriovenous risk factor values < 0.76 exhibited pathologically high 24-h blood pressure values. For these patients there were significant correlations between the arteriovenous ratio and the low-density lipoprotein concentration as well as the Framingham risk score. Conclusion: In the course of a prospective, telemedical-supported screening examination of the retinal vessels of more than 7,000 subjects the arteriovenous ratio exhibited a strong dependence on age and blood pressure. Among the subjects with lowered arteriovenous ratio values, 2/3 exhibited arterial hypertension in the 24-h blood pressure determination.展开更多
Objective.-To assess whether migraine is associated with retinal microvascular caliber.Background.-Migraine is believed to be associated with vascular disease,but few studies have investigated the relationship between...Objective.-To assess whether migraine is associated with retinal microvascular caliber.Background.-Migraine is believed to be associated with vascular disease,but few studies have investigated the relationship between structural microvascular changes and migraine.Design.-Population-based cross-sectional study.Methods.-Participants in the Blue Mountains Eye Study follow-up(1997 to 1999,n=2335,aged 54+)had retinal photographs taken.A computer-assisted method was used to measure average retinal arteriolar and venular diameters and calculate the arteriole-to-venule ratio.History of migraine was recorded by interview using International Headache Society criteria(1988).Results.-Subjects giving a history of migraine without aura(n=128)had narrower retinal arterioles than subjects giving a history of migraine with aura(n=182)or subjects with no migraine history(n=1619).After multivariate adjustment,mean retinal arteriolar diameter was 4.3 μ m(95% confidence interval 0.5,8.1)narrower in subjects reporting migraine without aura as compared to subjects with no migraine.Conclusions.Individuals with a history of migraine without aura were more likely to have slightly narrower retinal arteriolar caliber than individuals without migraine.This relationship was not present for migraine with aura.These data support the hypothesis that microvascular disease may be associated with certain types of migraine.展开更多
文摘针对由于血管类间具有强相似性造成的动静脉错误分类问题,提出了一种新的融合上下文信息的多尺度视网膜动静脉分类网络(multi-scale retinal artery and vein classification network,MCFNet),该网络使用多尺度特征(multi-scale feature,MSF)提取模块及高效的全局上下文信息融合(efficient global contextual information aggregation,EGCA)模块结合U型分割网络进行动静脉分类,抑制了倾向于背景的特征并增强了血管的边缘、交点和末端特征,解决了段内动静脉错误分类问题。此外,在U型网络的解码器部分加入3层深度监督,使浅层信息得到充分训练,避免梯度消失,优化训练过程。在2个公开的眼底图像数据集(DRIVE-AV,LES-AV)上,与3种现有网络进行方法对比,该模型的F1评分分别提高了2.86、1.92、0.81个百分点,灵敏度分别提高了4.27、2.43、1.21个百分点,结果表明所提出的模型能够很好地解决动静脉分类错误的问题。
文摘Background: Arteriovenous dissection (sheathotomy) is a new therapeutic option in patients with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) and macular involvement. We present an angiographic follow-up of 22 patients who underwent arteriovenous dissection (AVD). Methods: Twenty-two patients (15 women; mean age 68.7±8.0 y ears) were examined preoperatively and 6 weeks, 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year a fter AVD. For assessment of retinal hemodynamics, arteriovenous passage time (AV P) of the affected and unaffected branches at first (AVPe) and at maximal (AVPma x) venous filling were measured. Changes in the foveal avascular zone (FAZ)were calculated to determine foveal structural changes. Visual acuity was assessed as functional parameter. Results: The early AVP (AVPe) of the affected branch incr eased from 4.4±0.8 s preoperatively to 4.9±0.6 s 6 weeks after surgery and dec reased to 2.7±0.4 s 1 year after surgery (p=0.05). When compared to the unaffec ted control branch, AVPe was significantly increased in the affected branch preo peratively (4.5±0.8 s versus 1.5±0.2 s, p< 0.01), 6 weeks (4.9±0.6 s versus 2 .1±0.3 s, p< 0.01), 3 months (2.7±0.4 s versus 1.5±0.2 s, p < 0.01), and 6 mo nths (3.1±0.4 s versus 2.2±0.3 s, p=0.02) after AVD. After 1 year, AVPe no lon ger differed between the affected and the control branch (2.7±0.4 s versus 2.6 ±0.3 s). AVPmax was significantly increased in the affected branch preoperative ly (11.8±0.8 s versus 7.7±1.0 s, p < 0.05). The AVPmax in the affected branch with the exception of 3 months after surgery (10.2±1.1 s, p < 0.01) was no long er elevated when compared to preoperative values. The area of the FAZ did not ch ange significantly but showed a trend for enlargement. Conclusion: AVD for decom pression of BRVO leads to a significant decrease of AVP and may ameliorate retin al perfusion in the affected branch.
文摘compare the results of vitrectomy with or without arteriovenous (AV) crossing sheathotomy for macular edema associated with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRV O). Interventional case series. A retrospective study of 36 eyes with BRVO-asso ciated macular edema. Twenty eyes underwent AV sheathotomy (AS group), and 16 ey es underwent posterior vitreous detachment (PVD group). Best-corrected visual a cuity (BCVA), fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography to determine foveal thickness were conducted preoperatively and at 12 months postop eratively. The mean postoperative BCVAs were significantly better in both the AS and the PVD group (P =. 008 and P=. 001, respectively). Foveal thickness decrea sed significantly 1 month after surgery in both groups (P=. 002 and P=. 007) and continued to decrease up to 12 months. The postoperative mean BCVA and improvem ent of BCVA and foveal thickness were not significantly different for the two gr oups at any postoperative period. Postoperative FA showed reperfusion of the occ luded vein in 10 eyes in the AS group and 2 eyes in the PVD group, and formation of shunt vessels at the AV crossing site or around the macular region in all of the other eyes of both groups. Both AV sheathotomy and simple PVD significantly reduced macular edema associated with BRVO. However, there was no significant d ifference in the improvement of macular function following either procedure. Pos toperative improvement of retinal circulation by either reperfusion of the occlu ded vein or collateral vessel formation was found. This accounted for functional and morphologic improvements.
文摘Background: Retinal vessels may provide information on cerebral vascular pathology, because they share many features with cerebral vessels. A smaller ratio of the retinal arteriolar-to-venular diameters reportedly predicts the risk of stroke. It is unclear if this is due to arteriolar narrowing or venular dilation. Objective: To investigate whether smaller arteriolar or larger venular diameters are related to the risk of stroke and cerebral infarction. Methods: This study was based on the prospective population-based Rotterdam Study and included 5,540 participants of 55 years or over, who had gradable fundus transparencies and were free of stroke at baseline (1990 to 1993). For each participant, retinal arteriolar and venular diameters were measured on digitized images of one eye. Follow-up for first-ever stroke was complete until January 1, 2002. Results: After a mean follow-up of 8.5 years, 411 participants had a stroke, of whom 259 had cerebral infarction. Larger venular diameters were associated with an increased risk of stroke (hazard ratio [HR] adjusted for age and sex per SD increase: 1.12 [95%CI: 1.02 to 1.24]) and cerebral infarction (HR: 1.15 [95%CI: 1.02 to 1.29]). Smaller arteriolar diameters were neither related to the risk of stroke (HR per SD decrease: 1.02 [95%CI: 0.93 to 1.13]) nor to the risk of cerebral infarction (HR: 1.02 [95%CI: 0.90 to 1.15]). After additional adjustment for other cardiovascular risk factors, the results did not change. Conclusions: Larger retinal venular diameters are associated with an increased risk of stroke and cerebral infarction. The role of venules in cerebrovascular disease warrants further exploration.
文摘Purpose:To measure the oxygen saturation(SO2)in retinal arterioles and venules in patients with glaucomatous optic neuropathy.Methods:We examined SO2 in retinal arterioles and venules simultaneously by imaging spectrometry.Oxygen saturationwas evaluated according to the difference of the extinction spectra of haemoglobin and oxyhaemog-lobin.The arterio-venous difference(avD)was calculated by(SO2art-SO2ven).The optic nerve head topography was estimated by Heidelberg retinal tomography and the visual field using the Octopus G1.We examined one eye in each of 58 healthy persons(mean age 58.6 ± 10.7 years;mean rim area 1.52± 0.33mm2;mean defect 0.65± 1.31 dB;mean intraocular pressure IOP 18.5± 2.7 mmHg),49 patients with normal-tension primary open-angle glaucoma(NTG)(mean age 63.0± 8.5 years;mean rim area 0.89± 0.34 mm2;mean defect 5.4± 4.1dB;mean IOP 19.2± 2.9 mmHg),and 45 patients with high-tension primary open-angle glaucoma(POAG)(mean age 62.6± 10.3 years;mean rim area 0.97± 0.47 mm2;mean defect 7.1± 6.4 dB;mean IOP 31.6± 10.8 mmHg).Results:The intraclass correlation coefficients of the SO2 measurement were 0.82(arteriole)and 0.59(venule).In normal eyes,the SO2art,SO2ven and avD were 92.3± 3.4%,55.7 ± 6.8% and 36.6± 7.0%,respectively.Equivalent data were 89.7± 5.4%,56.0± 8.3% and 33.7± 10.6%,respectively,in NTG eyes and 91.4± 4.0%,58.3± 10.5% and 33.1± 11.5%,respectively,in POAG eyes.Over all examined eyes,the arteriolar SO2 and the retinal arterio-venous difference correlated significantly with the rim area.Conclusion:Eyes with NTG showed significantly decreased arteriolar SO2.These changes were not seen in POAG patients.
文摘Background: Cerebral and retinal vessels behave similarly under the influence of vascular risk factors. Several groups have shown that retinal microvascular abnormalities represent an independent risk factor with regard to strokes and heart attacks. Aim of the Study: The aim of this study was to perform a prospective screening examinationwith regard to retinalmicrovascular abnormalities as well as an extended vessel diagnosis in a subgroup of patients with lower arteriovenous risk values. Methods: In the course of a prospective cross-sectional study (“Talking Eyes”) between 1.9.2001 and 1.8.2002 a telemedical-supported screening of the retina (study 1) was carried out in 7,163 subjects. The patients were selected without any inclusion or exclusion criteria. The mean age was 48.2±8 years (18-83 years) with a sex distribution of 39.2%females to 60.8%males. Digital fundus photos of the right and left eyes were taken for all patients. The pictures were taken without pupil dilation using a CANON-NM camera. The pictures and case histories were stored in a central server using web-based software (MedStage, Siemens). In a central reading centre, the arteriovenous ratio of both eyes was determined telemedically using the Parr-Hubbard formula and the retinas subjected to a standardised examination by an ophthalmologist. The retinal risk factor was calculated on the basis of the arteriovenous ration, the presence of microvascular abnormalities and the case history. The reproducibility of measurement of the arteriovenous ratio (Kronbach alpha coefficient) was evaluated by double measurements on 1,332 images. In a subgroup of study 1 with arteriovenous ratio values < 0.76 (N=107), an extended vessel diagnosis with measurement of 24-h blood pressure and vessel-relevant blood values (homocysteine, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, CRP, TG, HbA1c) was carried out (study II). Results: Study 1: The Kronbach alpha coefficient as a measure of reproducibility amounted to 0.77. The mean arteriovenous ratio of the retinal vessels was 0.83±0.09 and showed a pronounced age dependence (R=0.9, p< 0.0001). On multivariate testing the arteriovenous ratio correlated significantly (R=0.33, p< 0.001) with the factors age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and body mass index. Diastolic blood pressure followed by age had the largest influence. The prevalence of microvascular abnormalities in the right (RE) and left (LE)-eyes, respectively were: cotton wool foci RE 0.0015%, LE 0.003%, retinal haemorrhage RE 0.1%, LE 0.1%, focal stenoses RE 3.4%, LE 3.4%, tortuositas vasorumRE 4.1%, LE 4.0%, arteriovenous crossing signs RE 11.2%, LE 11.2%. On multivariate testing the occurrence of microvascular abnormalities correlated significantly (R=0.38, p < 0.001) with the factors high blood pressure known from case history, body mass index, and gender. Arterial hypertension had the strongest influence followed by diastolic blood pressure. The calculated retinal risk factor correlated with the prevalence of angina pectoris. Study 11: 2/3 of the subjects with arteriovenous risk factor values < 0.76 exhibited pathologically high 24-h blood pressure values. For these patients there were significant correlations between the arteriovenous ratio and the low-density lipoprotein concentration as well as the Framingham risk score. Conclusion: In the course of a prospective, telemedical-supported screening examination of the retinal vessels of more than 7,000 subjects the arteriovenous ratio exhibited a strong dependence on age and blood pressure. Among the subjects with lowered arteriovenous ratio values, 2/3 exhibited arterial hypertension in the 24-h blood pressure determination.
文摘Objective.-To assess whether migraine is associated with retinal microvascular caliber.Background.-Migraine is believed to be associated with vascular disease,but few studies have investigated the relationship between structural microvascular changes and migraine.Design.-Population-based cross-sectional study.Methods.-Participants in the Blue Mountains Eye Study follow-up(1997 to 1999,n=2335,aged 54+)had retinal photographs taken.A computer-assisted method was used to measure average retinal arteriolar and venular diameters and calculate the arteriole-to-venule ratio.History of migraine was recorded by interview using International Headache Society criteria(1988).Results.-Subjects giving a history of migraine without aura(n=128)had narrower retinal arterioles than subjects giving a history of migraine with aura(n=182)or subjects with no migraine history(n=1619).After multivariate adjustment,mean retinal arteriolar diameter was 4.3 μ m(95% confidence interval 0.5,8.1)narrower in subjects reporting migraine without aura as compared to subjects with no migraine.Conclusions.Individuals with a history of migraine without aura were more likely to have slightly narrower retinal arteriolar caliber than individuals without migraine.This relationship was not present for migraine with aura.These data support the hypothesis that microvascular disease may be associated with certain types of migraine.
