驼峰与角背的演变原因初探

以驼峰和角背的演变历史为例,对二者在历史上从唐、五代、宋、辽、金至明清各朝代的使用方式和发展方向的不同提出设想和探究,并提出了斗拱、金釭、雀替作为参照类比,对驼峰和角背的历史演变从技术、审美等方面做出解释,引出并探讨了我国古代的建筑装饰艺术、构件的装配化思想,并提出了我国古代建筑技术在理论方面的局限性。

神农蜣螂前胸背板表面形态分形及润湿性

采用 3D SRAT 1型轮廓仪对神农蜣螂 (Catharsius molossus L innaeus)前胸背板表面形态进行了定量测量 ,在 JC2 0 0 0 A型表面张力 /接触角测量仪上测量了水与前胸背板表面的接触角 ,并基于分形理论对其表面轮廓进行了分析。研究表明 :神农蜣螂前胸背板表面呈现分形特征 ,由结构函数法和变分法估算的沿前胸背板表面纵向轮廓线的分形维数分别为 1.877和 1.86 8;水在神农蜣螂前胸背板表面上的表观接触角为 91°～ 10 6 .5°,其平均值为 97.2°。

掠角沟道和背散射分析钇离子注入硅合成硅化钇的结构

Ｙ离子注入硅得到特性优良的硅化钇薄层。采用高深度分辨率的掠角背散射和掠角沟道技术分析了注入层结构．结果发现注入层是具有不同晶格畸变密度的三层结构：表面层为１００－１２０ｎｍ厚的连续多晶硅化钇，对于注入束流密度为２５、５０μＡ／ｃｍ２的晶格畸变密度分别为２５％和５２％；中间层是高密度的缺陷区；底层是１２０ｎｍ厚的低密度晶格畸变区，其晶格畸变率从１８％下降至５％。用掠角沟道和掠角背散射都能得到Ｙ与硅原子比深度分布，这对于Ｙ离子注入硅合成钇的硅化物种类提供了重要信息．

叠氮钠与胡萝卜汁对河蚌肝组织超氧化物岐化酶活性的影响

本文报道了经不同浓度叠氮钠（ＮａＮ３）液和加胡萝卜汁浸养２４小时后角背无齿蚌肝组织中超氧化物岐化酶（Ｓｕｐｅｒｏｘｉｄｅｄｉｓｍｕｔａｓｅ．ＳＯＤ．ＥＣ．１．１５．１．１．）酶活性变化，结果发现ＮａＮ３对酶活性具有明显抑制作用，其抑制作用大小与浓度呈正相关，而新鲜胡萝卜汁对ＮａＮ３的抑制作用具有显著的拮抗性，可使酶活性恢复正常。

明清官式石作技术(六)

第六节石栏杆石栏杆又叫勾栏,俗称栏板望柱或栏板柱子。勾栏既能起到护身栏杆的作用,同时也使建筑的造型更加丰富。勾栏多用于须弥座之上,但有时也用于普通的台基之上。

Influence of twist extrusion process on consolidation of pure aluminum powder in tubes by equal channel angular pressing and torsion

In comparison with the conventional equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） process,a comprehensive study of influence of twist extrusion（TE） process on consolidating pure aluminum powder in tubes（PITs） by equal channel angular pressing and torsion（ECAPT） was conducted via three-dimensional（3D） finite element simulation,experimental investigation and theoretical analysis.Simulation results revealed that during the consolidation of aluminum powder particles by ECAPT,TE process played a significant role of back pressure.Due to the torsional shear and high hydrostatic pressure exerted by twist channel,both the magnitude and homogeneity of the effective strain were increased markedly.After one pass of ECAPT process using a square channel with an inner angle of 90° and a twist slope angle of 36.5° at 200℃,commercial pure aluminum powder particles were successfully consolidated to nearly full density.Simulation and experimental results showed good agreement.In the microstructure observations,grains were greatly refined.At the same time,porosities were effectively eliminated by shrinking in size and breaking into small ones.Microhardness test indicated that strain distribution of ECAPT-processed billet was more homogeneous with respect to the ECAP-processed one.All these improvements may be attributed to the extreme intense shear strain induced during ECAPT and the increase in self-diffusion coefficient of aluminum due to the back pressure exerted by TE process.

古建筑的大式与小式

如何分古建筑的大式和小式,是认识、理解古建筑的基本问题。长期以来,多数人常以有无门拱作为划分古建筑大小式的标准即将有门拱的建筑定为大式,无门拱的定为小式。这种说法有其合理之处,但深究起来卻未必盡然。因为有门拱的确是大式,但无门拱的不一定都是小式,其中亦有大式。在这方面,王璞子先生在《清工部【工程法】注泽補图》一书中已有明确论述,使这方面的同题有所澄清。《工程做法》,清雍正十二年(1734年)由工部刊行,《清会典》著録列入史部政书颓,营造业稱之为‘工部律’,是当时建筑设计施工和工料经费核销的文书依据。以此准备區分古建筑的大小式,应该说有充分的科学依据。王璞子先生又结合实例将大式与小式的主要區别归纳为以下数点:

Texture Analysis of Damascene Copper Interconnects

Texture and grain boundary character distribution of Cu interconnects with different line width for as-deposited and annealed conditions were measured by EBSD. All specimens appear mixed texture and （111） texture is the dominate component.As-deposited interconnects undergo the phenomenon of self-annealing at RT,in which some abnormally large grains are found. Lower aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment procured larger grains and stronger （111） texture. Meanwhile, the intensity proportion of other textures with lower strain energy to （111） texture is decreased. As-deposited specimens reveal （111）（112？ and （111） （231） components, （111） （110） component appeared and （111） （112？ and （111） （231） components were developed during the annealing process. High angle boundaries are dominant in all specimens, boundaries with a misorientation of 55°-60° and ∑3 ones in higher proportion, followed by lower boundaries with a misorientation of 35°-40° and 29 boundaries. As the aspect ratio of lines and anneal treatment increase,there is a gradual in- crement in ∑3 boundaries and a decrease in ∑9 boundaries.

安顺府文庙的驼峰艺术

安顺府文庙的驼峰艺术郭秉红驼峰，又称柁墩。即木构建筑中梁架间彼此垫托的承重木墩，因其形如骆驼之背，故名，它是中国古代建筑有特色构件之一。驼峰，有全驼峰与半驼峰之分：全驼峰，有支撑上层梁架的作用。半驼峰，又称角背，起稳定梁架上短柱，以免倾斜之功用。它由...

Microstructural approach to equal channel angular processing of commercially pure titanium——A review

A review on severe plastic deformation（SPD） technique of equal channel angular pressing（ECAP） process of commercially pure titanium（CP-Ti） alloys was presented with a major emphasize on the influence of ECAP parameters that include channel and curvature angles, processing route, temperature of operation, pressing speed, internal heating, number of pass through the die and back pressure. Various ECAP characteristics such as microstructure, strain inhomogeneity and mechanical properties are considered to achieve the maximum homogeneity, equilibrium grain refinement and mechanical improvement of CP-Ti. Investigations show that a pressing speed of 1-3 mm/s at 450 °C with route BC along with channel and curvature angles of 90° and 20° respectively with backpressure can lead to the most homogeneous ultrafine microstructure.

Effects of Sevoflurane on the discharges of wide dynamic range neurons in spinally transected rats

Objective: To study the effects of clinical concentration of sevoflurane on activity of wide dynamic range neurons. Methods: Eight Spraque-Dawley rats(male) were selected. Their spinal cords were exposed and transected at T 9-10 level. The rate of firings of single neurons in the dorsal horn in response to electrical stimulation of skin was recorded with microelectrodes. The early and late discharges were observed when rats inhaled 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0% sevoflurane. Results: Sevoflurane suppressed the early and late discharges at the concentration of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, and 2.0%. Compared with early discharges, the extent of inhibition of late discharges was wider at the concentration of 1%, 1.5%, and 2.0% of sevoflurane. Conclusion: It is indicated that sevoflurane could suppress the transmission of nociceptive and non-nociceptive stimulation at dorsal horn. The suppression on nociceptive imput is stronger than that on non-nociceptive imput when the concentration of sevoflurane is more than 1%.

VARIATIONAL DATA ASSIMILATION USING WAVELET BACKGROUND ERROR COVARIANCE: INITIALIZATION OF TYPHOON KAEMI (2006)

Background error covariance plays an important role in any variational data assimilation system, because it determines how information from observations is spread in model space and between different model variables. In this paper, the use of orthogonal wavelets in representation of background error covariance over a limited area is studied. Based on the WRF model and its 3D-VAR system, an algorithm using orthogonal wavelets to model background error covariance is developed. Because each wavelet function contains information on both position and scale, using a diagonal correlation matrix in wavelet space gives the possibility to represent some anisotropic and inhomogeneous characteristics of background error covariance. The experiments show that local correlation functions are better modeled than spectral methods. The formulation of wavelet background error covariance is tested with the typhoon Kaemi (2006). The results of experiments indicate that the subsequent forecasts of typhoon Kaemi’s track and intensity are significantly improved by the new method.

Electrophysiological properties of spinal wide dynamic range neurons in neuropathic pain rats following spinal nerve ligation

Objective The present study aimed to investigate the electrophysiological properties of wide dynamic range （WDR） neurons in spinal dorsal horn of rats with neuropathic pain induced by lumber 5 （L5） spinal nerve ligation （SNL） in a large size of samples.Methods Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into normal and SNL groups.Electrophysiological technique was used to record the characteristics of WDR neurons in the spinal dorsal horn.Results Compared with the WDR neurons in normal rats,the WDR neurons in SNL rats showed an increase in excitability,manifested by an enlargement of the receptive field size,an increase in the proportion of neurons that exhibited spontaneous activities,decreases in the Cresponse threshold and latency,and an increase in the C-response duration.In addition,the numbers of A-and C-fiberevoked discharges were smaller in SNL rats than in normal rats.Conclusion The excitability of spinal WDR neurons increased in rats with neuropathic pain induced by L5 SNL.The increase in excitability of WDR neurons may contribute to the development of neuropathic pain.

阴虚内热食河蚌

河蚌，又名河歪、河蛤蜊、鸟贝等，属于软体动物门瓣鳃纲蚌科，是一种普通的贝壳类水生动物。常见的有角背无齿蚌、褶纹冠蚌、三角帆蚌等数种，我国大部分地区的河湖水泊中有出产。河蚌肉质特别脆嫩可口，是筵席之佳肴。

Effects of Electroacupuncture on Expression of COX-2 in the Dorsal Horn of Spinal Cord of Arthritic Rats

Objective： The present study was to observe the expression of COX-2 protein in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord in rats with chronic inflammatory pain to investigate whether COX-2 is involved in the mechanism of electroacupuncture （EA） analgesia. Methods： After EA treatment, the pain score and expression of COX-2 protein in the dorsal horn of spinal cord in rats with complete Freund＇s adjuvant （CFA）-induced arthritis were measured by the behavioral test and immunohistochemistry technique, and compared with those of the normal group, model group and medicine group. Results： EA could decrease the pain score significantly and repeated EA treatments had the remarkable cumulative analgesic effect; and with the increase in EA treatments, the number of COX-2 immunoreactive cells was obviously decreased. Conclusion： EA at acupoints Yanglingquan （GB 34） and Kunlun （BL 60） had remarkable analgesic effect on adjuvant arthritis rats; and in the meantime, could inhibit the expression of COX-2 protein in the dorsal horn of spinal cord.

Microstructures and deformation mechanisms of hornblende in Guandi complex,the Western Hills,Beijing

Multiple methods were applied to study the deformation characteristics of hornblende in Archean plagioamphibolite mylonite from the Western Hills(Beijing),including optical microscopy(OM),electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and electron probe microanalysis(EPMA).The hornblendes are σ and δ type porphyroclasts with the new-born needle shaped grains as their tails.The analysis of lattice preferred orientation(LPO) of both the porphyroclasts and the new-born grains shows that the main slip system of the deformed hornblende is(100)<001>,suggesting that the fabric characteristics of new-born grains inherit that of porphyroclasts.Sub-microstructures show the porphyroclast core is dominated by dislocation tangle,little or no dislocations in the new-born grains,and the subgrains confined by dislocations in the transition zone between porphyroclasts and new-born grains.By using plagioclase-hornblende geothermometry and hornblende geobarometry,the estimated temperature and pressure of porphyroclasts are 675.3-702.9℃ and 0.29-0.41 GPa and those of new-born grains are 614.1-679.0℃ and 0.11-0.31 GPa.The bulging recrystallization is summarized as deformation mechanisms of hornblende by the discussions of the microstructures,EBSD fabric,sub-microstructures,and the deformed temperature and pressure.

The process and mechanisms of metamorphism and deformation of hornblende-An example from the Hengshan Mountains, Shanxi Province

Hornblende＇s plastic and superplastic deformation mechanisms were studied on the basis of some new information obtained from amphibolite samples in the Hengshan Mountains （Hengshan, Shanxi, China）.For this purpose, the samples were measured and analyzed by optical microscope （OM）, electron probe microanalysis （EPMA）, transmission electron microscope （TEM） and electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） respectively.Because localized strong strain is more than 1000%, it is presumed that structural superplastic deformation was developed during the ductile shearing process.It is calculated that deformation occurred at 650-679℃ and 0.770-0.914 GPa, based on the study of plagioclase-hornblende geothermometry and geobarometry.TEM images show that new hornblende grains developed few dislocations and hornblende crystals exhibit straight grain boundaries.EBSD of strongly deformed hornblendes reveals a fabric dominated by a {100} lattice preferred orientation （LPO）, indicative of new grain recrystallization along the lineation direction （X axis）.Thus superplastic deformation of hornblendes from the Hengshan Mountains was developed by mainly solid-state diffusive mass transfer and grain boundary sliding.