商品经济“解体作用”的分析——兼谈我国经济体制改革的核心问题

商品经济对社会生产力发展所起作用的二重性,学术界有了可喜的研究成果;诚实的科学探索,对理论和实践才能有真正的意义。我们试图从商品经济对社会生产关系发展的作用,谈一些浅见。商品经济既然具有促进生产力发展的积极作用,那就会对巩固生产关系也起积极作用;同时,生产力的不断发展,在一定条件下要求变革生产关系,这是生产力和生产关系的辩证关系,唯物主义历史观视之为社会进步的动力,这也是积极作用。反之,商品经济的消极作用。

Calculation of hydrogen solubility in molten alloys

A thermodynamic model was developed to calculate the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys based on the hydrogen solubility in constitutional pure liquid metals and their interaction parameters. The calculated results have a good agreement with the documented experimental results. The closer the molten alloy to an ideal liquid is, the more accurate the calculated results are. The compound forming ability and molar mixing heat of the constitutional elements take important roles in influencing the hydrogen solubility in molten alloys.

王亚南的商品经济观——读《王亚南文集》的一些体会

一 1938年郭大力、王亚南合译、出版《资本论》全三卷,是马克思主义政治经济学在中国传播的过程中,由零星介绍《资本论》发展成有计划地出版《资本论》原著的一个突出标志。王亚南翻译《资本论》是为了学习、研究《资本沦》,是为了运用《资本论》的基本原理和立场、观点、方法观察分析旧中国社会性质,是为了要对中国社会经济改造有所贡献。在我国三十年代。“站在中国人的立场,来研究中国经济学说”是许多马克思主义经济学家的心声。王亚南就是其中的一个。他“极力主张政治经济学中国化”,立志要“

皂化反应在食品加工中的应用

皂化反应是指油脂与碱作用生成甘油及脂肪酸盐的反应,它实质上是一种水解体作用。由于该反应具有独特的机理和反应条件,已将我们在食品加工中遇到的难题逐步解决,其作用的范围也越来越广。具体讲,作用主要表现在以下几方面: 保水防干作用。在酥皮类糕点中,由于面皮中含有很高的油脂,在贮存或放置过程中常常造成失水过重而变硬,使成品失去应有的品质和口感。如果在面皮中加入适量的碱,使油脂、碱、水三相共同作用,

Decomposition of Plant Materials in Upland and Submerged Soils Under Different Climatic Conditions

The decomposition of plant materials in soil, along with the factors affecting it, has been frequently studied, and much information has been accumulated. Most reports indicated that the decomposition of organic materials proceeded more slowly in paddy soil than in upland soil because of the insufficient 02 supply, the lower soil temperature and the weaker activity of aquatic invertebrates in the former as compared with those in

Quantum Solitary Wave Solutions in a Ferromagnetic Chain with Nearest-and Next-Nearest-Neighbor Interaction

The quantum solitary wave solutions in a one-dimensional ferromagnetic chain is investigated by using theHartree-Fock approach and the multiple-scale method.It is shown that quantum solitary wave solutions can exist in aferromagnetic system with nearest-and next-nearest-neighbor exchange interaction,and at the certain value of the firstBrillouin zone,the solitary wave solution of the Hartree wave function becomes the intrinsic localized mode.

Complete removal of phenolic contaminants from bismuth-modified TiO2 single-crystal photocatalysts

Exploring low-cost and highly active photocatalysts is very urgent to accomplish complete removal of phenolic contaminants and overcome the limitations of the existing photocatalysts.In this study,we designed and synthesized noble metal-free TiO2 photocatalysts by introducing bismuth nanoparticles as modifiers of a TiO2 single crystal(Bi-SCTiO2).The Bi-SCTiO2 can make full use of the synergistic effect of a small band overlap and low charge carrier density(Bi)with a high conductivity(single crystal),significantly boosting the separation and migration of the photogenerated charge pairs.Therefore,the Bi-SCTiO2 photocatalyst exhibits a significantly enhanced degradation rate(12 times faster)of 4-nitrophenol than a TiO2 single crystal under simulated sunlight irradiation.Notably,the complete removal of phenolic contaminants is achieved in various water matrices,which not only successfully overcomes the incomplete degradation in many reported photocatalytic systems,but also manifests a significant practical potential for sewage disposal.Therefore,this work presents a new insight in designing and constructing noble metal-free decorated semiconductor single-crystal photocatalysts with excellent activity and cyclability.

Comparative analysis of residence and diffusion times in rotating bed used for biogas upgrading

Rotating bed can be used in desorption operation of biogas upgrading as a new technology. For enough time to desorb, it is important to study the relationship between the residence time of liquid in rotating bed and the material diffusion time of liquid droplet in desorption process. By theoretical deduction, the exponential relation between residence time and liquid flow rate and rotational speed and kinematic viscosity is obtained. By analyzing the solution of nonlinear partial differential equation, the time law of material diffusion in the droplet is obtained. Moreover, by comparing the residence and diffusion times, the diffusion time can be within or out of residence time range, which has a direct relationship to rotational speed and liquid flow. By experiment, the comparison between residence and diffusion times is more realistic when the rotational speed is higher.

The Structure of Ammonium D,L-Tartrate

The single crystals of the title compound NH4+C4H5O6- (C4H9NO6, Mr = 167.1) were obtained from a hot aqueous solution containing L-glutamine and D,L-tartaric acid in mole ratio1:1.5. The crystal belongs to monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 7.646(2), b = 7.804(2), c = 11.502(3)? ?= 102.26(2)o, V = 670.7(3)?, Z = 4, F(000) = 352, Dc = 1.655 g.cm-3, m(MoKa) = 0.16 mm-1, R = 0.035, wR = 0.094 for 1028 observed reflections (I>2s(I)). The enatiomeric anions of the tartrate with both (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-configuration co-exist in the unit cell. The carbon skeleton assumes a coplanar arrangement with a torsion angle of 181.5o. The three- dimensional H-bonding network exists in the crystal. While tartrate groups link each other by H-bonds between carboxyl and hydroxyl groups, the ammonium cations insert between the tartrate groups to form a sandwich-like crystal structure.

Modeling of Surface Tension and Viscosity for Non-electrolyte Systems by Means of the Equation of State for Square-well Chain Fluids with Variable Interaction Range

The equation of state(EOS)for square-well chain fluid with variable range(SWCF-VR) developed in our previous work based on statistical mechanical theory for chemical association is employed for the correlations of surface tension and viscosity of common fluids and ionic liquids(ILs).A model of surface tension for multi-component mixtures is presented by combining the SWCF-VR EOS and the scaled particle theory and used to produce the surface tension of binary and ternary mixtures.The predicted surface tensions are in excellent agreement with the experimental data with an overall average absolute relative deviation(AAD)of 0.36%.A method for the calculation of dynamic viscosity of common fluids and ILs at high pressure is presented by combining Eyring’s rate theory of viscosity and the SWCF-VR EOS.The calculated viscosities are in good agreement with the experimental data with the overall AAD of 1.44% for 14 fluids in 84 cases.The salient feature is that the molecular parameters used in these models are self-consistent and can be applied to calculate different thermodynamic properties such as pVT,vapor-liquid equilibrium,caloric properties,surface tension,and viscosity.

Detoxification of toxic herbs in TCM prescription based on modulation of efflux transporters

Traditional Chinese medicines(TCMs)have been used to prevent and treat various diseases for thousands of years.Promoting efficacy and reducing toxicity by the compatibility theory of TCMs has attracted increasing attention,especially for the toxicity of herbs.Studies have pointed out the interactions between the active compounds of herbs and transporters in the detoxification process of toxic compounds.Here,we summarize data on five toxic herbs commonly used in TCMs and their related efflux transporters to reduce toxicity to offer a scientific rationale for the compatibility principle of TCMs and provide guidance for the rational clinical use of TCMs.

Fabrication of Mg(OH)_2 Powders by Decomposition of Mg_3N_2 Powders

Mg（OH）2 powders were formed by the decomposition of Mg3N2 powders synthesized by a simple reaction of Mg with N Ha. X-ray diffraction（XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR）, and scanning electron microscopy（SEM） were used to study the structure, composition and morphology of the products. Mg （OH）2 nanowires with an average diameter about 300 nm-500 nm were found in these Mg（OH）2 powders.

Viscosity of aqueous ionic liquids analogues as a function of water content and temperature

Ionic liquids analogues known as Deep Eutectic Solvents （DESs） are gaining a surge of interest by the scientific community, and many applications involving DESs have been realized. Moisture content is one of the important factors that affects the physical and chemical characteristics of these fluids. In this work, the effect of mixing water with three common type III DESs on their viscosity was investigated within the water tool fraction range of （0-1） and at the temperature range （298.15-353.15 K）. Similar trends of viscosity variation with respect to molar composition and temperature were observed for the three studied systems, Due to the asymmetric geometry of the constituting molecules in these fluids, their viscosity could not be modeled effectively by the conventional Grunberg and Nissan model, and the Fang-He model was used to address this issue with excellent performance. All studied aqueous DES mixtures showed negative deviation in viscosity as compared to ideal mixtures, The degree of intermolecular interactions with water reaches a maximum at a composition of 30% aqueous DES solution. Reline, the most studied DES in the literature, showed the highest deviation. The informa- tion presented in this work on the viscosity of aqueous DES solutions may serve in tuning this important property for diverse industrial applications involving these novel fluids in fluid flow, chemical reactions, liquid-liquid separation and many more.