On Some Regularities of One-seeded Fruits Evolution

Anatomical structure of differently originated seed envelopes in one-seeded indehiscent fruits of Urticaceae and Asteraceae members is studied using light and scanning electron microscopes. It was found that in anthocarps and involucrate fruits of both families the relations between the primary （pericarp） and secondary fruit envelopes （perianth and/or involucre） were composed under complexification （union） type, and not as substitution. Numerous examples of non-homologous resemblance in fruit envelope structure indicate a high degree of adaptability of certain histological types, recurring on a different morphological basis in different phyletic lines within a family. These tissue complexes represent widely occurring types of the pericarp （Utricaceae） or pericarp and seed coat tissue union （Asteraceae）. This evolutionary repetition or pseudocyclic resemblance is apparently another common regularity of one-seeded indehiscent fruits evolution in addition to those enumerated in general by Zohary （1950）.

采用尸体喉标本对成人喉正常超声征象的研究

目的进行尸体喉部超声影像表现与其解剖-组织学的对比研究,为喉部超声检查提供正常的"参照系"。方法对14例成人尸体颈部标本进行喉部超声扫查,并制作解剖组织学大切片。将超声图像所示"亚结构"的外形与对应的组织大切片进行比较。结果软骨组织构成的甲状软骨、会厌软骨、杓状软骨、环状软骨均呈低回声,软骨膜呈线样强回声。除会厌软骨无骨化外,其余三种软骨均有不同程度的骨化区,呈强回声。声带肌(甲杓内肌)和弹性组织(膜)构成的声带呈对称的三角形低回声结构,其黏膜表面构成的游离缘呈线状偏强回声。主要由疏松结缔组织组成的室带呈对称的类三角形强回声结构。疏松结缔组织构成的会厌前间隙和声门旁间隙表现为偏强回声。结论喉部结构的超声征象取决于它们的解剖组织学基础,通过与组织大切片的对比,明确超声表现与解剖组织学表现的"一对一"关系,从而获得了"正常参照系"。

Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Alimentary System of the Larva of Palm Weevil, Rhynchophorus Phoenicis Fabricius （Coleoptera： Curculionidae）

The gross anatomy and the histology of the alimentary tract of the larva of palm weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis were described in this study. The results showed that the alimentary system of the insect has three distinct partS, the foregut, midgut and hindgut. In the foregut are oesophagus, crop and proventriculus （gizzard）. The crop was the biggest part of the alimentary system, suggesting that the larva consumes big amount of food. Muscular proventriculus was present at the base of the foregut and it is the place where the food of the larva is pulverized. The midgut was the longest part of the alimentary tract. The anterior portion of the midgut is located in the thoracic region while the distal part which is coiled is embedded in the abdominal segments. The midgut epithelium is characterized by columnar cells, goblet cells, villi, microvilli, cappilaries and peritrophic membranes. The membrane helps to protect the midgut cells from damage from abrasive food particles. The hindgut forms the posterior part of the alimentary system and it consists of the ileum and rectum which terminates in the anus. There no villi but temporary folds of submucosa and mucosa layers. There are adipose cells, goblet cells, intestinal glands, circular and longitudinal muscles in this region.

Anatomical and Histological Study of the Foot of Iraqi Endogenous Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis）

The anatomical and histological study were conducted on 72 specimens of buffaloes foot, regardless of the age and species The foot structures were described which included first phalanx, second phalanx, third phalanx, digital cushion, joint, ligaments and tendons, as well as the foot＇s sole, blood and nerve supply. The main source of blood supply is the median artery, the radial artery, dorsal metacarpal artery. On the other hand, the metacarpophalangeal joint, proximal interphalangeal joint and joint＇s capsules were shown by radiographic pictures. The median nerve is the main source of the nerve supply of foot, as well as ulnar and radial nerve. However, the digital tendons on the dorsal surface and palmer surface were represented by common, proper flexor digital tendons and deep superficial digital extensor tendons respectively, the histological picture of coronary region revealed that it consistd of horn tubules and intertubular horn. While the lamellae region showed that it consisted of primary epidermal lamellae, containing the epidermis and dermis regions, also, noticed that the epidermal lamellae was interfered with faced dermis lamellar. The histological structure of the hoof revealed that it consisted of keratinocytes which connected with each other by desmosal adhesion. Digital cushion contained of elastic and collagen fibers with presence of adipose cells masses greater than that at foot sole.

Histopathological changes of Macaca mulatta infected with Plasmodium knowlesi

Objective To study the histopathological changes of relevant intemal organs of Macaca mulatta infected with Plasmodium knowlesi ( P. knowlesi).Methods Histopathological examination of 3 monkeys who died of P. knowlesi infection, 2 P. knowlesi infected monkeys who died of treatment failure with artesunate suppository and 1 P. knowlesi infected monkey that was cured by piperaquine phosphate (PQP) but died of trauma and necrosis of the fore limb.Results The heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, pancreas, parathyriod, pituitary and lymph nodes showed severe pathological changes in 3 monkeys (No. 1, 7 and 12) who died of P. knowlesi infection and 1 infected monkey (No. 72) who died of treatment failure with artesunate suppository. Red blood cells containing rmalarial parasites and pigments were concentrated in the capillaries of these organs. Malarial pigments were deposited in many organs or phagocytized by macrophages in 1 monkey (No. 131 ), it was cured by piperaquine phosphate but died of trauma and necrosis of the fore limb; cellular atrophy and disappearance of pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary cells were also observed. One monkey (No.33) treated with artesunate suppository, showed that blood parasites became negative but recrudesced and pituiary later died from a gavage accident. Its organs showed a significant difference to those of the infected monkeys receiving no treatment. Only the liver Kupffer cells and cerebral matrix contained malarial parasites and pigments; many relevant intemal organs showed repair.Conclusion The pathological changes of relevant internal organs of Macaca mulatta infected with P. knowlesi were examined in detail, especially cellular atrophy and the disappearance of pancreatic islets, parathyoid and pituitary cells and myolysis of cardiac muscles. These changes have not previously been reported elsewhere.

Influence of electroacupuncture on histomorphology of lacrimal glands and ocular surface in experimental dry eye syndrome

Objective： To observe the influence of electroacupuncture （EA） on histomorphologies of lacrimal glands, cornea and conjunctiva in experimental dry eye syndrome, and to explore the repair effects of EA on lacrimal glands and ocular surface damage. Methods： Twenty-four healthy male New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into a normal group, a model group, an EA group and a medication group, 6 rabbits in each group. Experimental dry eye syndrome models were prepared in rabbits by using 0.1% benzalkonium chloride for eye drops. Tear secretion volume, break-up time of tear film （BUT） and corneal fluorescein staining score were observed before and after the treatment. Periodic acid Schiff （PAS） staining method was used to observe the changes of conjunctival goblet cells in rabbits. After hematoxylin eosin （HE） staining, morphological changes of rabbit cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal gland tissues were observed under light microscope. Results： Compared with the normal group, tear secretion volume and BUT were significantly reduced （both P^0.01）, while the corneal fluorescein staining score was significantly increased （P〈O.01） in the model group. Compared with the model group, tear secretion volume and BUT were significantly increased, while the corneal fluorescein staining score was significantly decreased in the EA group and the medication group （all P〈0.01）. Compared with the normal group, the number of conjunctival goblet cells in the model group was significantly reduced; compared with the model group, the numbers of conjunctival goblet cells were all relatively higher in the EA group and the medication group. Pathological lesions of cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands all showed improvement by HE staining in the EA group and the medication group after the intervention. Conclusion： EA can improve tear secretion and tear film stability of rabbit dry eye syndrome, and repair the pathologic lesions of conjunctival goblet cells, corneal epithelia, cornea, conjunctiva and lacrimal glands.

The first metatarsal web space: its applied anatomy and usage in tracing the first dorsal metatarsal artery in thumb reconstruction

Objective: To clarify the anatomical relationship of the structures in the first toe webbing space for better dissection of toes in thumb reconstruction.Methods: The first dorsal metatarsal artery, the first deep transverse metatarsal ligament and the extensor expansion were observed on 42 adult cadaveric lower extremities. Clinically the method of tracing the first dorsal metatarsal artery around the space of the extensor expansion was used in 36 cases of thumb reconstruction.Results: The distal segments of the first dorsal metatarsal artery of Gilbert types I and II were located superficially to the extensor expansion. The harvesting time of a toe was shortened from 90 minutes to 50 minutes with 100% survival of reconstructed fingers. Conclusions: The distal segment of the first dorsal metatarsal artery lies constantly at the superficial layer of the extensor expansion. Most of the first metatarsal arteries of Gilbert types I and II can be easily located via the combined sequential and reverse dissection around the space of the extensor expansion.