Effects of Dilute Acid-intensified Hydrolysis on Fermentative Biohydrogen Production Capacity of Maize Stalk

[Objective] This study was to explore the effects of dilute acid hydrolysis on fermentative biohydrogen production capacity of maize stalk. [Method] Using maize stalks subjected to mechanical disintegration,steam explosion and dilute acid hydrolysis as experimental materials,we measured and analyzed the effects of different treatments and particle size of maize stalk were analyzed. [Result] The optimal fermentative biohydrogen production was found under following parameters：pretreatment of 0.8% dilute H2SO4 following steam explosion,particle size of maize stalk of 0.425-0.850 mm,liquid-solid ratio [0.8% H2SO4 （M）：stalk （W）] of 10：1. [Conclusion] Post steam explosion,dilute 0.8% dilute H2SO4 intensified hydrolysis on maize stalk could produce fermentative biohydrogen production capacity.

Advancement of Structural Botany in the Past Fifty Years in China

Structural botany, being derived from plant anatomy, has been considered as an important branch of botany, both in concept and practice. In this paper, a review concerning the evolutionary trends of development from plant developmental anatomy to plant developmental biology, plant comparative anatomy to plant systematic biology and plant ecological anatomy to plant environmental biology during the past 50 years in China is addressed and their potential development and usefulness in the near future were largely discussed.

The Role of Polyamine Oxidative Degradation in the Process of Lettuce Seed Germination

[Objective]The aim of this study was to understand the role of polyamine oxidative degradation in the process of lettuce seed germination. [Method]After lettuce seed soaking treatments with aminoguanidine （AG,a specific inhibitor of polyamine oxidases）,seed germination rate,activities of polyamine oxidase （PAO） and diamine oxidase （DAO）,change of endogenous polyamine and H2O2 content were determined. [Result]Compared with the control,AG treatment strongly inhibited the seed germination,which also had an extremely significant difference in seed germination rate after incubation for 12 h. During the seed germination,activities of PAO and DAO significantly changed,while their activities firstly increased and then decreased,then DAO and PAO reached peaks at 24 h and 48 h respectively. AG treatment was strongly inhibitory for activities of DAO and PAO,whose activities even disappeared after incubation with AG for 24 h and 36 h. During the seed germination,endogenous Put reduced sharply in the first 24 h,then reduced slowly in 24-60 h,while Spd decreased slowly in the early stage of germination,and then sharply declined after 48 h. However,Spm content was low but slightly increased,and the total polyamine gradually decreased. AG treatment could significantly increase endogenous polyamines,especially Put and Spd contents. During the seed germination,H2O2 content gradually increased,and had a peak from 36 to 48 h,then kept a high level at last. AG treatment could significantly reduce H2O2 content. [Conclusion]During the seed germination,the changes of endogenous polyamine and H2O2 content correspond with the changes of PAO and DAO activities,which indicate that there is an active polyamine metabolism of oxidative degradation during the lettuce seed germination.

Microwave-hydrothermal preparation of flower-like ZnO microstructure and its photocatalytic activity

The flower-like ZnO microstructure was prepared by a straightforward microwave-hydrothermal technique using zinc chloride and arginine solution as reactants. The as-synthesized crystal structure and morphology were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and the optical properties of the ZnO nanostructure were studied by Raman and photoluminescence （PL） spectra, which confirms the high crystal quality of ZnO microstructure. The as-synthesized ZnO flowers exhibit a significant enhancement of photocatalytic capability toward degrading methyl blue （MB） under UV light, the photodegradation of MB reaches 95.60%, only within 2 h of adding the as-synthesized ZnO in the MB solution under UV irradiation. Furthermore, the photodegradation could be described as the pseudo-first-order kinetics with degradation rate constant of 1.0675-1.6275 h-1, which is relative to the morphology of the structures.

Basal birds from China:a brief review

We use the term 'basal birds' for a relatively small number of primitive fossil birds that fall outside the major clade Ornithothoraces,which includes both modern birds and enantiorni-thines. Eight genera and twelve valid species have been reported from China in the last 15 years,whereas Archaeopteryx lithographica remains the only basal bird to have been described from non-Chinese specimens(although confuciusornithid material is apparently present in North Korea).Here we briefly review the Chinese basal birds and their anatomy,phylogeny and ecology.Chinese fossils have contributed extensively to scientific understanding of early avian evolution,demon-strating collectively that basal birds were generally relatively large and morphologically and eco-logically quite diverse.Although some significant uncertainties remain,particularly with respect to the relative phylogenetic positions of Jeholornis,Sapeornis and Zhongornis,an increasingly clear picture of the first stages of avian evolution is emerging from the Chinese fossil record.

Three-dimensional analytical solution of acoustic emission source location for cuboid monitoring network without pre-measured wave velocity

To find analytical solutions of nonlinear systems for locating the acoustic emission/microseismic（AE/MS） source without knowing the wave velocity of structures, the sensor location coordinates were simplified as a cuboid monitoring network. Different locations of sensors on upper and lower surfaces were considered and used to establish nonlinear equations. Based on the proposed functions of time difference of arrivals, the analytical solutions were obtained using five sensors under three networks. The proposed analytical solutions were validated using authentic data of numerical tests and experiments. The results show that located results are consistent with authentic data, and the outstanding characteristics of the new solution are that the solved process is not influenced by the wave velocity knowledge and iterated algorithms.

在实验中防止晶闸管逆变电路“烧管”的几种方法

晶闸管由于本身具有管压降小，体积小，时间响应迅速等优点，因而被现代电力电子技术领域广泛应用。在实际应用中，还有些技术问题，需予解决，本文就晶闸管在逆变电路中易产生逆变失败，即“烧管”现象，从实验出发，谈点看法。

ONLINE PARSIMONIOUS LEAST SQUARES SUPPORT VECTOR REGRESSION AND ITS APPLICATION

A simple and effective mechanism is proposed to realize the parsimoniousness of the online least squares support vector regression （LS-SVR）, and the approach is called the OPLS-SVR for short. Hence, the response time is curtailed. Besides, an OPLS-SVR based analytical redundancy technique is presented to cope with the sensor failure and drift problems to guarantee that the provided signals for the aeroengine controller are correct and acceptable. Experiments on the sensor failure and drift show the effectiveness and the validity of the proposed analytical redundancy.

Effect of priming on the germination of Peltophorum dubium seeds under water stress

Peltophorum dubium seeds provided by Anhembi, SP were scarified in 98% H2SO4 for 15 min to overcome mechani-cal dormancy. Seeds were primed in solutions of 0.2% Captan at 10 C and 27C, PEG 6000 -1.0 MPa at 10C and 27C, 0.5 mol KNO3, 0.75 Mol KNO3, 1.0 Mol KNO3. Eight treatments including the primed seeds and nonprimed seeds, five replicates with 100 seeds for each treatment, were set to 15-cm-Petri dish with double filter paper moistened with testing solution PEG in refrigerator at 27C. For the experiments of all the groups, osmotic potential were 0.0, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, -1.0, -1.2, and -1.4 MPa. P. dubium seeds were also set to water stress experiment in rolled paper with PEG solutions from 0.0 to -1.0 M Pa. Germination percentage decreased with the increase of PEG concentration. Control group had a better germination percentage than other groups. Germination hardly occurred in PEG -1.4 MPa.

Neutral Dissociation of Superexcited Nitric Oxide Induced by Intense Laser Fields

Superexcited states of NO molecule and their neutral dissociation processes have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. Neutral excited N^＊ and O^＊ atoms are detected by fluorescence spectroscopy for the NO molecule upon interaction with 800 nm intense laser radiation of duration 60 fs and intensity 0.2 PW/cm^2. Intense laser pulse causes neutral dissociation of superexcited NO molecule by way of multiphoton excitation, which is equivalent to single photon excitation in the extreme-ultraviolet region by synchrotron radiation. Potential energy curves （PECs） are also built using the calculated superexcited state of NO^＋. In light of the PECs, direct dissociation and pre-dissociation mechanisms are proposed respectively for the neutral dissociation leading to excited fragments N^＊ and O^＊.

Field Measurement of NO2 and RNO2 by Two-Channel Thermal Dissociation Cavity Ring Down Spectrometer

A two-channel thermal dissociation cavity ring down spectroscopy （CRDS） instrument has been built for in situ, real-time measurement of NO2 and total RNO2 （peroxy nitrates and alkyl nitrates） in ambient air, with a NO2 detection limit of 0.10 ppbv at 1 s. A 6-day long measurement was conducted at urban site of Hefei by using the CRDS instrument with a time resolution of 3 s. A commercial molybdenum converted chemiluminescence （Mo-CL） instrument was also used for comparison. The average RNO2 concentration in the 6 days was measured to be 1.94 ppbv. The Mo-CL instrument overestimated the NO2 concentration by a bias of ＋1.69 ppbv in average, for the reason that it cannot distinguish RNO2 from NO2. The relative bias could be over 100% during the afternoon hours when NO2 was low but RNO2 was high.

Sterile Germination of the Hybrid Seeds of [Den. Burana Green Star × Den. Rainbow-compactum] and Rapid Propagation of F_1 Plantlets via Tissue Culture

[Objective] This study was to germinate the hybrid seeds of [Den.Burana Green Star × Den.Rainbow-compactum] under aseptic condition and to explore the parameters for rapid propagation of F1 plantlets via tissue culture.[Method]Hybridization between Den.Burana Green Star（female parent）and Den.Rainbow-compactum（male parent）was performed and the in vitro culture and proliferation of F1 hybrids were studied using eight different basic media including MS,1/2MS,1/3MS,1/4MS,B5,N6,modified Knudson and H.[Result]Improved Knudson medium appended with 1.0 mg/L 6-BA,1.0 mg/L NAA and 10% mature banana puree performed best in F1 seed germination under aseptic condition,as well as the rapid propagation of protocorm-like body.Of all the eight media tested,1/2MS is the medium most suitable for the in vitro rapid propagation of the F1 seedlings.Efficiency of eight media in the in vitro rapid propagation was in order 1/2 MS MS1/3 MS1/4 MS ≈N6 improved Knudson ≈B5H.NAA presented better rooting and growth-promoting effect in the in vitro rapid propagation of the F1 seedlings than IBA.And the optimal NAA concentration to recommend from our experiment results was 2.0 mg/L.[Conclusion]Our experimental results provided mature method and important technological information for hybrid breeding dendrobium.

Synthesis and photoluminescence properties of single-crystal ZnO hexagonal pyramids by PEG400-assisted thermal decomposition route

Large-scale synthesis of ZnO hexagonal pyramids was achieved by a simple thermal decomposition route of precursor at 240 oC in the presence of PEG400. The precursor was obtained by room-temperature solid-state grinding reaction between Zn（CH3COO）2-2H2O and Na2CO3. Crystal structure and morphology of the products were analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy （HRTEM）. The results of further experiments show that PEG400 has an important role in the formation of ZnO hexagonal pyramids. Difference between the single and double hexagonal pyramid structure may come from the special thermal decomposition reaction. The photoluminescence （PL） spectra of ZnO hexagonal pyramids exhibit strong near-band-edge emission at about 386 nm and weak green emission at about 550 nm. The Raman-active vibration at about 435 cm-1 suggests that the ZnO hexagonal pyramids have high crystallinity.

The analysis on IP signals in TEM response based on SVD

During transient electromagnetic method （TEM） exploration of a copper mine, we detected the late-channel TEM signal reversal phenomenon （a voltage change from positive to negative） caused by the influence of the induced polarization （IP） effect, which affects the depth and precision of the TEM detection. The conventional inversion method is inefficient because it is difficult to process the data. In this paper, the Cole-Cole model is adopted to analyze the effect of Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant, and frequency exponent on the TEM response in an homogeneous half space model. Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） is used to invert the measured TEM data, and the Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant and frequency exponent were extracted from the measured TEM data in the mine area. The extracted parameters are used for interpreting the detection result as a supplement. This reveals why the TEM data acquired in the area has a low resolution. It was found that the DC resistivity and time constant do not significantly change the results, however, the chargeability and frequency exponent have a significant effect. Because of these influences, the SVD method is more accurate than the conventional method in the apparent resistivity profile. The area of the copper mine is confined accurately based on the SVD inverted data. The conclusion has been verified by drill and is identical to the practical geological situation.

CMS Level—1 Regional Calorimeter Trigger System

The CMS regional calorimeter trigger system detects signatures of electrons/photons,taus,jets,and missing and total transverse energy in a deadtinmess pipelined architecture .This system receives 7000 calorimeter tregger tower energies on 1.2 Gband digital copper cable serial links and processes them in a low-latency pipelined design using custom-built electronics.At the heart of the system is the Receiver Card which uses the new generation of gigabit ethernet receiver chips on a mezzanine card to convert serial data to parallel data before transmission on a 160 MHz backplane for further processing by cards that sum energies and identify electrons and jets.We describe the algorithms and hardware implementation,and summarize the simulation results that show that this system is capable of handling the rate requirements while triggering on physics signals with high efficiency.

The Determination of Heavy Metal Elements in Honey by MWD-ICP-AES

In order to build method for measuring of elements in honey, the contents of Ba, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, Cr, Mn, Se had been determined by microwave diges- tion （MWD） and actively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry （ICP-AES）. The results show that, the range of heavy metal elements were in the range of 0- 10.0 mg/L, with good linear relationship. In addition, all correlation coefficients kept higher than 0.999, and the recovery rate of ample added with standard solution was in 94.1%-110%. By comparison with the result of chemical experiment, the method was quickly accessible and convenient, widely used in the measurement of elements in honey, with satisfactory results.

Influence Factors on Particle Growth for On-line Aerosol Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-flight Mass Spectrometry

An evaporation/condensation flow cell was developed and interfaced with the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization （MALDI） time-of-flight mass spectrometer for on-line bioaerosol detection and characterization, which allows matrix addition by condensation onto the laboratory-generated bioaerosol particles. The final coated particle exiting from the con- denser is then introduced into the aerodynamic particle sizer spectrometer or home-built aerosol laser time-of-flight mass spectrometer, and its aerodynamic size directly effects on the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio, which is very important for MALDI technique. In order to observe the protonated analyte molecular ion, and then determine the classification of bi- ological aerosols, the matrix-to-analyte molar ratio must be appropriate. Four experimental parameters, including the temperature of the heated reservoir, the initial particle size, its number concentration, and the matrix material, were tested experimentally to analyze their influences on the final particle size. This technique represents an on-line system of detection that has the potential to provide rapid and reliable identification of airborne biological aerosols.

Study on Characters of Major Hydrolase Isozymes in Wheat Seeds

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the characters of major hydrolase isozymes in wheat seeds. MethodThe spectra of amylase, esterase and proteolytic enzyme isozymes in the germ, endosperm and radicle were studied in detail during the germination process using the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis（PAGE）. ResultThe results indicated that isozymes of amylase and esterase changed obviously in the endosperm during the germination, while isozymes of proteolytic enzyme exhibited distinct variation in the germ and radicle. ConclusionThis study provides basic data for effeciently improving the germination rate of crop seeds in the future.

The Determination of Heavy Metal Elements in Sipunculs nudus by MWD-ICP-AES

In order to develop a method for measuring of elements in Sipunculus nudus, the contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, Hg and Ba were determined by actively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry （MWD） and microwave digestion （ICP-AES）. The results showed that correlation coefficients al kept higher than 0.999 and the recovery rates of sample added standard solutions were in 98%-114%. The results indicated that the contents of Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn, As, Hg and Ba were 17.119, 3.781, 0.695, 7.351, 1997.982, 0.620, 0.144, 4.249 mg/kg respectively. The contents of Mn exceeded national limit by hundredfold, Cd sevenfold, Pd fourfold, Cd three-and-a-half-fold, and As onefold. Sipunculs nudus became seriously pol uted. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate robust policies to fol ow closely and pay close attention to coastal areas pol ution around Dongfang City.