抗“疫”成语的俗解异构现象分析

在全民防疫的大背景下,人们基于字面或字音变化,以新解成语的方式向社会民众普及防疫知识、呼吁培养科学防疫习惯,这类新解的成语被称之为抗“疫”成语。文章试对“罩”夕相处、按兵不动、里应外合、相见不如怀念等抗“疫”成语,从俗解异构类型、俗解异构成因、俗解异构影响等三方面进行分析。

汉语成语的俗解异构现象考察

"俗解"是指基于字面或字音而产生的新解,"异构"是指由新解所构成的不同于原成语的新词。汉语成语的俗解异构类型包括同音同形俗解异构词、同音异形俗解异构词和近音异形俗解异构词。俗解异构词流行之因可从三方面进行分析,一是使用者在不知成语原义或刻意追求某种表达效果的前提下,或重新分析语义内部关系,或替换语素重新组合,从而得到字面化新解;二是网络平台是俗解异构现象得以广泛传播的动力之源;三是俗解异构词与原成语音同音近,而意义却大相径庭,在形义错配之间使听话人获得预期之外、回味无穷的艺术体验。"俗解异构"词汇发展模式具有理据性和生命力,它使得古语词、成语俗语、佛缘词等进一步"推陈出新",孕育出新词新义。

佛缘词“变相”的词义演化与俗解异构

佛缘词'变相'最早见于汉末魏晋时期的汉译佛经中,主要指'佛、菩萨运用神力变现出的奇异非常之相',后来转喻指称以佛教'神变'为主要敷演内容的绘画艺术。在由佛教语境到非佛教语境的拓展使用过程中,'变相'一词意义不断泛化,并在现代汉语阶段发生'俗解异构'现象,衍生出一个不同于佛界创词本义的新词。

姚文田、严可均《说文解字考异》考论

姚文田、严可均编纂的《说文解字考异》是现存较早的一部《说文》异文总汇。本文对《说文解字考异》的性质、版本及价值进行了论述。在性质方面,文章指出《考异》是一部著作而非简单的资料汇编。在版本方面,文章对《考异》的版本及各版本之间的关系进行了梳理。在《考异》的价值方面,文章指出《考异》从编纂到修订历时百年,具有较高的文献价值,对深入研究清代《说文》学史意义重大。

“居士”词义变化与俗解异构现象

“居士”一词在从古至今的发展过程中经过了多次俗解异构,词义出现了多次变化。从上古到中古时期发生第一次俗解异构,由“居家不仕(居士1)”产生了“居家礼佛之人(居士2)”的意义;从中古到近代发生第二次俗解异构,产生了“居家修道之人(居士3)”和“居家之人(居士4)”的意义。

视差之见:左眼元宇宙,右眼现实

元宇宙与现实生活并非对立关系,从技术发展的长时间段观之,所有生活形态都由技术塑造。元宇宙是一种新的超速技术造就的新形态,它只是暂时与现实生活形成并立关系,必将在技术发展中成为现实生活的一部分。元宇宙与现实生活可以进行整体性综观,二者的对立是一种二元论思考模式,必须进行一种“解异差”,在差异中将元宇宙与现实生活重新把握为一体,才能恰当地把握这一新状态。解异差的观念视野烛照出新的日常审美形态,同时元宇宙的数字化形态也是对艺术的重新赋能。凭借对现实生活与技术性元宇宙的双重直观,生活与审美获得重归一体的力量。

人工智能形象与成为“我们”的他者

人工智能技术的快速发展是当代社会文化中的一个重大事件。在影像中存在的人工智能形象与人工智能技术是两条平行发展又时有交叉的文化发展线索,人工智能形象往往超出技术发展,对社会文化心态造成特殊影响,甚至引发某种人工智能最终取代人类的恐惧。这样的观念是将人工智能树立为一种整体性的大他者,而形象则是中介。但人工智能被树立为大他者并非只有害处,正是通过这一对立结构,我们发现这一大他者的蹩脚之处,将其视为一种虚假的主奴辩证过程,从而曲折地将其重新拉回主体的怀抱。这一齐泽克式的解异过程达到了一个意外的目标:人工智能经过曲折的观念变迁成为“我们”的一部分,而形象无疑是这一曲折过程的中介和动力。

Photocatalytic degradation and inactivation of Escherichia coli by ZnO/ZnAl_2O_4 with heteronanostructures

ZnO/Znml2O4 nanocomposites with heteronanostructures were successfully prepared by co-precipitation method. The as-prepared samples were characterized by HRTEM, TEM, XRD, BET, TG-DTA, and UV-Vis spectra techniques. The photoeatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange and inactivation of Escherichia coli in suspension under the irradiation of the simulated sunlight. The effects of compositions, calcination temperatures, concentration ofphotocatalysts and light source on the photocatalytic activities were systematically studied. The results show that when the concentration of ZnO/ZnA1204 photocatalyst with the starting Zn to Al molar ratio of 1：1.5 calcined at 600 ℃ is 1.0 g/L, the maximum photocatalytic degradation rate of 98.5% can be obtained in 50 min under the irradiation of the simulated sunlight. Under the same conditions, an inactivation rate of 99.8% for E.coli is achieved in 60 min.

Interpretation of magnetic anomalies by horizontal and vertical derivatives of the analytic signal

Magnetic anomalies are often disturbed by the magnetization direction, so we can＇t directly use the original magnetic anomaly to estimate the exact location and geometry of the source. The 2D analytic signal is insensitive to magnetization direction. In this paper, we present an automatic method based on the analytic signal horizontal and vertical derivatives to interpret the magnetic anomaly. We derive a linear equation using the analytic signal properties and we obtain the 2D magnetic body location parameters without giving a priori information. Then we compute the source structural index （expressing the geometry） by the estimated location parameters. The proposed method is demonstrated on synthetic magnetic anomalies with noise. For different models, the proposed technique can both successfully estimate the location parameters and the structural index of the sources and is insensitive to noise. Lastly, we apply it to real magnetic anomalies from China and obtain the distribution of unexploited iron ore. The inversion results are consistent with the parameters of known ore bodies.

Recent developments in visible-light photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics

With the significant discharge of antibiotic wastewater into the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems, antibiotic pollution has become a serious problem and presents a hazardous risk to the environment. To address such issues, various investigations on the removal of antibiotics have been undertaken. Photocatalysis has received tremendous attention owing to its great potential in removing antibiotics from aqueous solutions via a green, economic, and effective process. However, such a technology employing traditional photocatalysts suffers from major drawbacks such as light absorption being restricted to the UV spectrum only and fast charge recombination. To overcome these issues, considerable effort has been directed towards the development of advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts. This mini review summarises recent research progress in the state-of-the-art design and fabrication of photocatalysts with visible-light response for photocatalytic degradation of antibiotic wastewater. Such design strategies involve the doping of metal and non-metal into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, development of new semiconductor photocatalysts, construction of heterojunction photocatalysts, and fabrication of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems. Additionally, some perspectives on the challenges and future developments in the area of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics are provided.

Study on algorithms of low SNR inversion of T_2 spectrum in NMR

The method of regularization factor selection determines stability and accuracy of the regularization method. A formula of regularization factor was proposed by analyzing the relationship between the improved SVD and regularization method. The improved SVD algorithm and regularization method could adapt to low SNR. The regularization method is better than the improved SVD in the case that SNR is below 30 and the improved SVD is better than the regularization method when SNR is higher than 30. The regularization method with the regularization factor proposed in this paper can be better applied into low SNR （5〈SNR） NMR logging. The numerical simulations and real NMR data process results indicated that the improved SVD algorithm and regularization method could adapt to the low signal to noise ratio and reduce the amount of computation greatly. These algorithms can be applied in NMR logging.

Contourlet watermarking algorithm based on Arnold scrambling and singular value decomposition

A new digital watermarking algorithm based on the contourlet transform is proposed to improve the robustness and anti-attack performances of digital watermarking. The algorithm uses the Arnold scrambling technique and the singular value decomposition （SVD） scheme. The Arnold scrambling technique is used to preprocess the watermark, and the SVD scheme is used to find the best suitable hiding points. After the contourlet transform of the carrier image, intermediate frequency sub-bands are decomposed to obtain the singularity values. Then the watermark bits scrambled in the Arnold rules are dispersedly embedded into the selected SVD points. Finally, the inverse contourlet transform is applied to obtain the carrier image with the watermark. In the extraction part, the watermark can be extracted by the semi-blind watermark extracting algorithm. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm has better hiding and robustness performances than the traditional contourlet watermarking algorithm and the contourlet watermarking algorithm with SVD. Meanwhile, it has good robustness performances when the embedded watermark is attacked by Gaussian noise, salt- and-pepper noise, multiplicative noise, image scaling and image cutting attacks, etc. while security is ensured.

Fabrication of a monoclinic/hexagonal junction in WO_3 and its enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B

A series of WO3 samples with different crystalline phases were prepared by the thermal decomposition method from ammonium tungstate hydrate.X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,high-resolution transmission electron microscopy（HRTEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy,and N2 adsorption-desorption were used to characterize the crystalline phase,morphology,particle size,chemical composition,and surface area of the WO3 samples.The formation of hexagonal（h-WO3） and monoclinic（m-WO3） crystal structures of WO3 at different temperatures or different times was confirmed by XRD.m-WO3 is formed at 600 ℃,while m-WO3 starts to transform into h-WO3 at 800℃.However,h-WO3,which forms at 800℃,may transform into m-WO3 by increasing the calcination temperature to 1000℃.SEM results indicate that m-WO3 particles exhibit a bulky shape with heavy aggregates,while h-WO3 particles exhibit a rod-like shape.Moreover,m-WO3 crystals are sporadically patched on the surface of the h-WO3 rod-like particles,resulting in the exposure of both m-WO3 and h-WO3 on the surface.It is observed that the monoclinic phase（m-WO3）/hexagonal phase（h-WO3） junction was fabricated by tuning the calcination temperature and calcination time.The relative ratios between m-WO3 and h-WO3 in the phase junction can readily be tailored by control of the calcination time.The photocatalytic activities of WO3 with different crystalline phases were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B as a model pollutant.A higher photocatalytic activity was observed in the WO3 sample with the m-WO3/h-WO3junction as compared with the sample with only m-WO3.The improvement of photocatalytic activity can be attributed to the reduction of the electron-hole recombination rate owing to the formation of the phase junction,whose presence has been confirmed by HRTEM and photoluminescence spectra.

The analysis on IP signals in TEM response based on SVD

During transient electromagnetic method （TEM） exploration of a copper mine, we detected the late-channel TEM signal reversal phenomenon （a voltage change from positive to negative） caused by the influence of the induced polarization （IP） effect, which affects the depth and precision of the TEM detection. The conventional inversion method is inefficient because it is difficult to process the data. In this paper, the Cole-Cole model is adopted to analyze the effect of Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant, and frequency exponent on the TEM response in an homogeneous half space model. Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） is used to invert the measured TEM data, and the Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant and frequency exponent were extracted from the measured TEM data in the mine area. The extracted parameters are used for interpreting the detection result as a supplement. This reveals why the TEM data acquired in the area has a low resolution. It was found that the DC resistivity and time constant do not significantly change the results, however, the chargeability and frequency exponent have a significant effect. Because of these influences, the SVD method is more accurate than the conventional method in the apparent resistivity profile. The area of the copper mine is confined accurately based on the SVD inverted data. The conclusion has been verified by drill and is identical to the practical geological situation.

高丽藏本慧苑音义引《说文》的异文问题

高丽藏本慧苑音义凡122例征引《说文》,计释119字。其中有23例计20字涉及异文。这些异文应该在一定程度上和一定范围内反映了慧苑时代汉语言文字的面貌。

Anodic dissolution behavior of zirconium in Bu_4~nNBr-containing isopropanol solution

Anodic dissolutionbehaviorof zirconium inBu^n 4NBr-contaningisopropanol solution was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry and chronoamperometry, complemented with a scanning electron microscope （SEM）.The voltammograms did not exhibit active dissolutionuntil the breakdown of passive layer induced by aggressive bromide anions.SEM images confirmed the existence of pits on zirconium surface.The depth and breadth of pits were intensified with increasing potential. The pitting potentialshifted negatively as either temperature orBu^n 4NBr concentration was increased, while it increased with increasing scan rate.The corrosion current density increased with increasing temperature. The apparent activation energyof anodic dissolutionofzirconiumwas 21.88kJ/mol. The chronoamperometry revealed that increasingBu^n 4NBrconcentration shortened the incubation time for passivity breakdown and accelerated the pit nucleation and growth. The experimental results were helpfulto obtain the optimum conditions for electrosynthesis of zirconium isopropoxide.

OPTIMIZATION WITH QUADRATIC CONSTRAINT IN APPLICATION OF STRUCTURE DYNAMIC MODEL UPDATING

A model updating optimization algorithm under quadratic constraints is applied to structure dynamic model updating. The updating problems of structure models are turned into the optimization with a quadratic constraint. Numerical method is presented by using singular value decomposition and an example is given. Compared with the other method, the method is efficient and feasible.

STRUCTURE OPTIMIZATION STRATEGY OF NORMALIZED RBF NETWORKS

Aimed at studying normali zed radial basis function network (NRBFN), this paper introduces the subtractiv e clustering based on a mountain function to construct the initial structure of NR BFN, adopts singular value decomposition (SVD) to analyze the relationship betwe en neural nodes of the hidden layer and singular values, cumulative contribution ratio, index vector, and optimizes the structure of NRBFN. Finally, simulation and performance comparison show that the algorithm is feasible and effective.

The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Two Kinds of Matrix Equtions Having Semipositive Subdefinite Solutions

Finding solutions of matrix equations in given set SR n×n is an active research field. Lots of investigation have done for these cases, where S are the sets of general or symmetric matrices and symmetric positive definite or sysmmetric semiposite definite matrices respectively . Recently, however, attentions are been paying to the situation for S to be the set of general(semi) positive definite matrices(called as semipositive subdefinite matrices below) . In this paper the necessary and sufficient conditions for the following two kinds of matrix equations having semipositive, subdefinite solutions are obtained. General solutions and symmetric solutions of the equations (Ⅰ) and (Ⅱ) have been considered in in detail.

Solubility of hemimorphite in ammonium sulfate solution at 25 °C

The solubility of natural hemimorphite in ammonium sulfate solution was measured by isothermal solution method at 25 °C and the dissolved residue of hemimorphite was investigated by X-ray powder diffraction （XRD）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FTIR） methods. The results show that zinc and silica in hemimorphite simultaneously dissolve in ammonium sulfate solution. The solubility of zinc in solution increases rapidly from 4.5381 mmol/kg in 0.5469 mol/kg ammonium sulfate solution to 11.5083 mmol/kg in 3.7038 mol/kg ammonium sulfate solution. The solubility of silica in solution increases slowly from 2.5509 mmol/kg in 0.5469 mol/kg ammonium sulfate solution to 7.2891 mmol/kg in 3.7038 mol/kg ammonium sulfate solution. The dissolved residue is the characteristic of hemimorphite Zn4Si2O7（OH）2·H2O based on the results of the XRD, SEM and FTIR. Thus, no phase transition occurs in the dissolution process of hemimorphite in ammonium sulfate solution.