M701F4型燃机“二拖一”机组的并汽和解汽

介绍了华能北京热电厂M701F4型燃气蒸汽联合循环"二拖一"分轴机组热力系统的特点及其起动方式。实际应用表明,采用先并中压蒸汽,再并高压蒸汽,最后并低压蒸汽的方式,可解决该机组在并汽过程中高压缸上下缸温差大、旁路难以控制、中压缸排汽压力高等问题。旁路控制优化后,使并汽和解汽过程操作简单,负荷稳定,能满足调峰或两班制运行机组快速起停的要求。

S209FA型燃机“二拖一”联合循环并汽及解汽应用研究

介绍了巴基斯坦古杜电厂S209FA型燃气-蒸汽联合循环"二拖一"机组启动方式及热力系统特点,针对试验过程中旁路控制出现的问题进行了优化和完善,对不同并汽方式进行了验证。高、中压同时并汽有利于汽轮机的推力平衡和稳定运行,由于同时控制设备和参数较多,不易实现自动并汽;先并中压,后并高压蒸汽,最后并入低压蒸汽的方案实现了机组自动并汽,机组负荷稳定,能够满足机组的快速启停和稳定运行的要求,提高了机组的自动化水平。

M701F4二拖一机组解汽过程运行炉主汽温波动分析

在机组解汽过程中,运行炉蒸汽流量和蒸汽温度会发生大幅度波动,如果运行人员不及时调整,运行炉蒸汽温度会发生超温,本文分析其产生的主要原因为解汽过程汽机在滑压控制以及汽机调门特性差,通过修改压控曲线使解汽过程汽机在定压控制解汽此问题。

柴油烃组成结构对蒸汽裂解性能的影响

为了拓宽化工原料及实现柴油的优化利用,开展了不同工艺、不同组成柴油的蒸汽裂解性能评价,采用SPYRO模拟软件对6种柴油进行了模拟计算并对其裂解产物收率进行了对比分析。结合全二维气相色谱-飞行时间质谱和核磁共振技术,从柴油裂解产物收率、组成结构及混合裂解性能等方面分析了造成柴油裂解产物分布和收率的差异原因。结果表明:烷烃含量高、馏程窄、碳链短、芳环取代度较高,烷链支化度较低的柴油比较适合作乙烯裂解原料,同时通过与尾油混合裂解,可以进一步优化柴油的裂解性能,为化工行业提供更多元化的原料选择。

“两炉一机”设计在340MW机组中的应用

简述了越南锦普燃煤火力发电厂一期建设工程340 MW两炉一机制火电机组主、再热蒸汽系统及旁路系统的特点,详细介绍了2台锅炉并汽和解汽过程。该机组目前已投入商业运行,在调试期间及在满、变负荷运行过程中安全稳定,未出现任何问题,说明340 MW两炉一机制火电机组在设计、安装、调试、运行等方面是成功的,其设计方案是完全可行的。

Secondary Cracking of Gasoline and Diesel from Heavy Oil Catalytic Pyrolysis

This paper investigated the secondary cracking of gasoline and diesel from the catalytic pyrolysis of Daqing atmospheric residue on catalyst CEP-1 in a fluidized bed reactor.The results show that the secondary cracking reactivity of gasoline and diesel is poor,and the yield of total light olefins is only about 10%(by mass).As reaction temperature increases,ethylene yield increases,butylene yield decreases,and propylene yield shows a maximum.The optimal reaction temperature is about 670℃for the production of light olefins.With the enhance- ment of catalyst-to-oil mass ratio and steam-to-oil mass ratio,the yields of light olefins increase to some extent. About 6.30%of the mass of total aromatic rings is converted by secondary cracking,indicating that aromatic hy- drocarbons are not easy to undergo ring-opening reactions under the present experimental conditions.

Enhancing hydrothermal stability of nano-sized HZSM-5 zeolite by phosphorus modification for olefin catalytic cracking of full-range FCC gasoline

In this study, phosphorus modification by trimethyl phosphate impregnation was employed to enhance the hydrothermal stability of nano‐sized HZSM‐5 zeolites. A parallel modification was studied by ammonium dihydrogen phosphate impregnation. The modified zeolites were subjected to steam treatment at 800 °C for 4 h (100% steam) and employed as catalysts for olefin catalyticcracking (OCC) of full‐range fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) gasoline. X‐ray diffraction, N2 physicaladsorption and NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption analysis indicated that, although significantimprovements to the hydrothermal stability of nano‐sized HZSM‐5 zeolites can be observedwhen adopting both phosphorus modification strategies, impregnation with trimethyl phosphatedisplays further enhancement of the hydrothermal stability. This is because higher structural crystallinityis retained, larger specific surface areas/micropore volumes form, and there are greaternumbers of surface acid sites. Reaction experiments conducted using a fixed‐bed micro‐reactor(catalyst/oil ratio = 4, time on stream = 4 s) showed OCC of full‐range FCC gasoline-under a fluidized‐bed reaction mode configuration-to be a viable solution for the olefin problem of FCC gasoline.This reaction significantly decreased the olefin content in the full‐range FCC gasoline feed, andspecifically heavy‐end olefins, by converting the olefins into value‐added C2–C4 olefins and aromatics.At the same time, sulfide content of the gasoline decreased via a non‐hydrodesulfurization process.Nano‐sized HZSM‐5 zeolites modified with trimethyl phosphate exhibited enhanced catalytic performance for OCC of full‐range FCC gasoline.

Study on the Catalyst for Catalytic Cracking of Light Gasoline to Produce Propylene

The catalytic cracking of a FCC gasoline fraction （IBP--75℃） provided by the refinery No. 2 of Fushun Petrochemical Company was carried out in a continuous fixed fluidized bed reaction apparatus in the laboratory, using the modified HZSM-5 as the catalyst. The effects of the reaction temperature and loading of lanthanum on the modified HZSM-5 catalyst on the FCC product distribution were investigated. The results showed that the yield of propylene was as high as 39.28% and the yield of aromatics reached 23.57% when the loading of La in the HZSM-5 catalyst was about 8%, when the reaction was carried under atmospheric pressure and at a reaction temperature of 500~550℃and a spatial velocity of 4.5 h^-1. The yield of aromatics dropped by 6.29% during catalytic cracking of gasoline in the presence of the zeolitic catalyst modified with 8% La.

依靠科技 从严管理 全面打造一流企业

介绍了乙烯装置开车以来为提高装置技术水平所采取的一系列措施。

Development and Commercial Application of DZC Ⅱ-1 Type Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Pyrolysis Gasoline

Commercial application of the DZC Ⅱ-I catalyst developed on the basis of the DZ-1 catalyst was introduced. The application tests of the catalyst under overload had proved that this catalyst demonstrated satisfactory adaptability to feedstock after continued operation for 20 months with little changes in the bed pressure drop, the reactor inlet temperature and the bed temperature rise. The DZC Ⅱ- 1 catalyst was regarded as the best catalyst for the second-stage hydrogenation of pyrolvsis gasoline.

A contrast study on different gasifying agents of underground coal gasification at Huating Coal Mine

To optimize the technological parameter of underground coal gasification （UCG）, the experimental results of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enrichment steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification were studied contrastively based on field trial at the Huating UCG project. The results indicate that the average low heat value of gas from air experiment is the lowest （4.1 MJ/Nm3） and the water gas from two-stage gasification experiment is the highest （10.72 MJ/Nm3）. The gas productivity of air gasification is the highest and the pure oxygen steam gasification is the lowest. The gasification efficiency of air gasification, air-steam gasification, oxygen-enriched steam gasification, pure oxygen steam gasification and two-stage gasification is listed in ascending order, ranging from 69.88% to 84.81%. Described a contract study on results of a field test using steam and various levels of oxygen enrichment of 21%, 32%, 42% and 100%. The results show that, with the increasing of O2 content in gasifying agents, the gas caloricity rises, and the optimal O2 concentration range to increase the gas caloricity is 30%-40%. Meanwhile, the consumption of O2 and steam increase, and the air consumption and steam decomposition efficiency fall.

Outlet Temperature Correlation and Prediction of Transfer Line Exchanger in an Industrial Steam Ethylene Cracking Process

Predicting the best shutdown time of a steam ethylene cracking furnace in industrial practice remains a challenge due to the complex coking process. As well known, the shutdown time of a furnace is mainly determined by coking condition of the transfer line exchangers （TLE） when naphtha or other heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks are cracked. In practice, it is difficult to measure the coke thickness in TLE through experimental method in the complex industrial situation. However, the outlet temperature of TLE （TLEOT） can indirectly characterize the coking situation in TLE since the coke accumulation in TLE has great influence on TLEOT. Thus, the TLEOT could be a critical factor in deciding when to shut down the furnace to decoke. To predict the TLEOT, a paramewic model was proposed in this work, based on theoretical analysis, mathematic reduction, and parameters estimation. The feasibility of the proposed model was further checked through industrial data and good agreements between model prediction and industrial data with maximum deviation 2% were observed.

Estimating the Operation Status of Steam Cracking Furnace Using Numerical Simulation with Combustion Models

An accurate and complete geometric model was constructed to simulate the combustion, flow and temperature environment in the radiant section of the steam cracking furnace. Simulation of flow and radiation status has utilized the standard k-ε model and P1 model. The finite-rate/eddy-dissipation (finite-rate/ED) combustion model and non-premixed combustion model were both used to simulate accurately the combustion and the operation status of the steam cracking furnace. Three different surfaces of the steam cracking furnace were obtained from the simulation, namely:the flue gas temperature field of the entrance surface in long flame burners, the central surface location of tubes, and the crossover section surface. Detailed information on the flue gas temperature and the mass concentration fraction of these different surfaces in the steam cracking furnace can also be obtained by the simulation. This paper analyzed and compared the simulation results with the two combustion models, estimated the operation status of the steam cracking furnace, and reported that the finite-rate/ED model is appropriate to simulate the steam cracking furnace by comparing key simulation data with actual test data. This work has also provided a theoretical basis for simulating and operating the steam cracking furnace.

Effect of Operating Parameters on Composition of Dry Gas Obtained During Gasoline Cracking Process

The influence of operating parameters on ethylene content in dry gas obtained during catalytic cracking of gasoline was investigated in a pilot fixed fluidized bed reactor in the presence of the MMC-2 catalyst. The results have shown that the majority of dry gas was formed during the catalytic cracking reaction of gasoline, with a small proportion of dry gas being formed through the thermal cracking reaction of gasoline. The ethylene content in dry gas formed during the catalytic cracking reaction was higher than that in dry gas formed during the thermal cracking reaction. The ethylene content in dry gas formed during catalytic cracking of gasoline with a higher olefin content was higher than that in dry gas formed during catalytic cracking of gasoline with a lower olefin content, which meant that the higher the amount of carbonium ions was produced during the reaction, the higher the ethylene content in the dry gas would be. An increasing reaction temperature could increase the percentage of dry gas formed during thermal cracking reaction in total dry gas products, leading to decreased ethylene content in the dry gas. An increasing catalyst/oil ratio could be conducive to the catalytic cracking reactions taking place inside the zeolite Y, leading to a decreased ethylene content in the dry gas. A decreasing space velocity could be conducive to the catalytic cracking reactions taking place inside the shape-selective zeolite, leading to increased ethylene content in the dry gas.

Solubilities of CO2 in some glycol ethers under high pressure by experimental determination and correlation

The binary vapor–liquid equilibrium data of CO_2 in diethylene glycol(monomethyl,monoethyl,monobutyl,dimethyl,diethyl,dibutyl)ether were determined from 288.15 to 318.15 K at pressure up to 6 MPa based on the constant-volume method.It was found by contrast that the ether group in solvents can promote the CO_2 absorption,but the hydroxyl group will inhibit the CO_2 absorption.Furthermore,the solubilities of CO_2 showed an upward trend with the increasing molecular lengths of absorbents.The experimental data were also correlated with a modified Patel–Teja equation of state(PT EOS)combined with the traditional van der Waals one-fluid mixing rules and the results showed a satisfactory agreement between the model and the experimental data.

Review of China-Sudan Oil Cooperation

There are abundant proved oil reserves in Sudan and South Sudan,and Chinese companies are looking for petroleum business opportunities in Sudan and South Sudan.There is a bright future for cooperation in oil development in both Sudan and South Sudan.China,Sudan and South Sudan will continue to benefit from collaboration in petroleum industry.

Petroleum and Gas Potential in China

China's national hydrocarbon resources assessment(2015),which is a classified assessment for oil,gas,shale gas,and coalbed methane,has been successfully carried out,and has achieved systematical results and generated the newest understandings regarding the potential of China's hydrocarbon resources.The results indicate that China has abundant hydrocarbon resources,including a considerable resource potential of shale gas and coalbed methane,but it also predicts that China will face increasing levels of difficulty in exploration and development.

Progress in the Ultradeep Well Drilling Technology of SINOPEC

Ultra-deep formations in China contain rich hydrocarbon resources.In recent years,the number of ultradeep wells has been continuously increasing.However,efforts to facilitate tlte drilling and exploration of these ultra-deep reservoirs are facing many challenges,such as complicated formation pressures,complicated formation lithologic features,complicated formation fluids,difficulties in the accurate calculation of formation parameters,difficulties in borehole structure design optimization,instabilities in the performances of drilling fluid and key cementing materials/systems,high temperature-resistance and pressure-resistance requirements for downhole tools and instruments,complicated engineering problems,and slow drilling speeds.Under such circumstances,it is very difficult to ensure the performance of such drilling operations.In order to address these challenges,SINOPEC has developed relevant drilling technologies for ultra-deep wells in complicated geological conditions through intensive research on accurate descriptions of complex geologic characteristics,borehole structure design optimization,fast drilling techniques for deep and hard formations,temperature-resistant highdensity drilling fluid,anti-channeling cementing in high-pressure gas wells,borehole trajectory control in ultra-deep horizontal wells and other key technologies.These technologies can provide sound engineering and technical support for tlte exploration and development of hydrocarbon resources in ultra-deep formations in China.

Outlook of Demand for Oil Products in China

It is estimated that in the coming years,the rate of consumption of oil products in China will increase at an energy-saving,environmentally-friendly,and slow pace.However,the increasing speed of the demand may vary according to the types of the products：gasoline and kerosene may be needed more while diesel may be needed less.It is also estimated that before 2020,there will be an oil products glut in the country.Export of oil products,especially diesel,will become a new norm or trend.Alternative energy forms,such as natural gas and electricity,will be developed rapidly to attain a goal of replacing 130 million tons of oil in 2030.Even with a more conservative scenario,oil demand in China is estimated to peak at either about 810 million tons or even less at 680 million tons by 2030 if the effect of alternative energy is considered.

Commercial Test on Technology for High-Temperature Cracking of C5 Fraction to Decrease Olefin Content of Gasoline in DCCU

During June and July 2003, Jingmen Petrochemical Company carried out thecommercial test on technology for high-temperature cracking of C_5 fraction to decrease olefincontent of gasoline in DCCU. The test results showed that the olefin content of DCC gasoline haddecreased from 68.32m% to 42.5m%, meanwhile the propylene yield increased by 0.90m%.