脑清片解热过程的观察及护理

2001年1月～2001年12月,我科应用脑清片降温者47例.效果满意,现介绍如下. 1临床资料和方法 应用脑清片降温的病人47例,其中男32例,女15例,年龄11～68岁,腋窝温度38～40.3℃,脑清片一次给药量1～4片,首次量加倍.

布洛芬解热过程的观察及护理

2010年1月-2010年4月,我科用布洛芬（又名异丁苯丙酸）治疗发热病人43例.效果满意,现介绍如下.

Analysis and modeling of alumina dissolution based on heat and mass transfer

A comprehensive heat and mass transfer model of dissolution process of non-agglomerated and agglomerated alumina particles was established in an aluminum reduction cell. An appropriate finite difference method was used to calculate the size dissolution rate, dissolution time and mass of alumina dissolved employing commercial software and custom algorithm based on the shrinking sphere assumption. The effects of some convection and thermal condition parameters on the dissolution process were studied. The calculated results show that the decrease of alumina content or the increase of alumina diffusion coefficient is beneficial for the increase of size dissolution rate and the decrease of dissolution time of non-agglomerated particles. The increase of bath superheat or alumina preheating temperature results in the increase of size dissolution rate and the decrease of dissolution time of agglomerated particles. The calculated dissolution curve of alumina（mass fraction of alumina dissolved） for a 300 k A aluminum reduction cell is in well accordance with the experimental results. The analysis shows that the dissolution process of alumina can be divided into two distinct stages： the fast dissolution stage of non-agglomerated particles and the slow dissolution stage of agglomerated particles, with the dissolution time in the order of 10 and 100 s, respectively. The agglomerated particles were identified to be the most important factor limiting the dissolution process.

Formation and Characteristics of Acrylonitrile/Urea Inclusion Compound

The formation process and composition of the acrylonitrile/urea inclusion compounds （AN/UIC） with different aging times and AN/urea molar feed ratios are studied by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. It is suggested that DSC can determine the guest/host ratio and the heat of decomposition. Meanwhile, the guest/host ratio and heat of decomposition are obtained, which are 1.17 and 5361.53 J/mol, respec- tively. It is suggested AN molecules included in urea canal lattice may be packed flat against each other. It is found that the formation of AN/UIC depends on the aging time. XRD results reveal that once AN molecules enter urea lattice, AN/UIC are formed, which possess the final structure. When AN molecules are sufficient, the length of AN molecular arrays in urea canals increases as aging time prolonging until urea tunnels are saturated by AN.

Influence of heating rate on reactivity and surface chemistry of chars derived from pyrolysis of two Chinese low rank coals

A series of char samples were derived from pyrolysis of two typical low-rank coals in China （Shengli lig- nite and Shenmu bituminous coal） at low, medium and fast heating rates, respectively, to the same pyrol- ysis temperature 750℃. Then these chars were characterized by means of thermogravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer with the aim to investigate the influence of heating rate in pyrolysis process on gasification reactivity and surface chemistry of them. Besides, a homogeneous model was used to quantitatively analyze the activation energy of gasification reaction. The results reveal that Shengli lignite and its derived chars behave higher gasification reactivity and have less content of oxygen functional groups than Shenmu coal and chars. Meanwhile, chars derived from Shengli lignite at 50℃/min and Shenmu coal at 200℃/min have the greatest gasification reactivity, respectively. The oxygen functional groups in Shengli lignite are easily thermo-decomposed, and they are less affected by the heating rate, while that in Shenmu coal have a significant change with the variation of heating rate. In addition, there is no good correlation between the change of oxygen functional groups and that of the gasification reactivity of the derived chars from pyrolysis at different heating rates.

Simulation of hydrocarbons pyrolysis in a fast-mixing reactor

Currently, thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons for the production of basic petrochemicals(ethylene, propylene) is carried out in steam-cracking processes. Aside from the conventional method, under consideration are alternative ways purposed for process intensification. In the context of these activities, the method of hightemperature pyrolysis of hydrocarbons in a heat-carrier flow is studied, which differs from previous ones and is based on the ability of an ultra-short time of feedstock/heat-carrier mixing. This enables to study the pyrolysis process at high temperature(up to 1500 K) at the reactor inlet. A set of model experiments is conducted on the lab scale facility. Liquefied petroleum gas(LPG) and naphtha are used as a feedstock. The detailed data are obtained on temperature and product distributions within a wide range of the residence time. A theoretical model based on the detailed kinetics of the process is developed, too. The effect of governing parameters on the pyrolysis process is analyzed by the results of the simulation and experiments. In particular, the optimal temperature is detected which corresponds to the maximum ethylene yield. Product yields in our experiments are compared with the similar ones in the conventional pyrolysis method. In both cases(LPG and naphtha), ethylene selectivity in the fast-mixing reactor is substantially higher than in current technology.

Pyrolysis characteristics of rubber compositions in medical waste

Thermogravimetric study of rubber compositions （operating glove and catheter） in medical waste was carried out using the thermogravimetric analyser （TGA）,at the heating rate of 20 ℃/min in a stream of N2.The results indicate that the decomposition process of operating glove appears an obvious mass loss stage at 250-485 ℃,while catheter has two obvious stages at 240-510 ℃ and 655-800 ℃,respectively; both samples present endothermic pyrolysis reaction; the decomposition of operating glove and the first mass loss stage of catheter are in agreement with natural rubber pyrolysis; the second mass loss stage of catheter corresponds to CaCO3 decomposition.Based on the experimental results,a novel two-step four-reaction model was established to simulate the whole continuous processes,which could more satisfactorily describe and predict the pyrolysis processes of rubber compositions,being more mechanistic and conveniently serving for the engineering.

Structures and magnetic properties of nanocomposite CoFe_2O_4-BaTiO_3 fibers by organic gel-thermal decomposition process

The nanocomposite xCoFe2O4-(1-x)BaTiO3(x=0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,molar fraction) fibers with fine diameters and high aspect ratios(length to diameter ratios) were prepared by the organic gel-thermal decomposition process from citric acid and metal salts.The structures and morphologies of gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal decomposition of the gel precursors were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy.The magnetic properties of the nanocomposite fibers were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer.The nanocomposite fibers consisting of ferrite(CoFe2O4) and perovskite(BaTiO3) are formed at the calcination temperature of 900 ℃ for 2 h.The average grain sizes of CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 in the nanocomposite fibers increase from 25 to 65 nm with the calcination temperature from 900 to 1 180 ℃.The single fiber constructed from these nanograins of CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 has a necklace-like morphology.The saturation magnetization of the nanocomposite 0.4CoFe2O4-0.6BaTiO3 fibers increases with the increase of CoFe2O4 grain size,while the coercivity reaches a maximum value when the average grain size of CoFe2O4 is around the critical single-domain size of 45 nm obtained at 1 000 ℃.The saturation magnetization and remanence of the nanocomposite xCoFe2O4-(1-x)BaTiO3(x=0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) fibers almost exhibit a linear relationship with the molar fraction of CoFe2O4 in the nanocomposites.

Study on the influence of crown ether on arsenic behavior during coal pyrolysis

The influence of crown ether on behaviors of arsenic at different temperatures and residence time was investigated during the pyrolysis of Tuanbo （TB） coal. The modes of occurrence of arsenic were determined by sequential chemical extraction, density fractionation and demineralization. The results indicated that at the same temperature and residence time, the arsenic removal adding dibenzo-18-crown-6 was higher than that adding 18-crown-6, and were all higher than that of TB coal during pyrolysis. When temperature was 850 ℃ and residence time was 30 min, the arsenic removal of TB coal was 30.63%; at the same condition, the arsenic removal while adding 18-crown-6 was 33.21%, higher than that of TB coal; and the arsenic removal while adding dibenzo-18-crown-6 was 67.41%, significantly higher than that of TB coal. From the results, we can see that adding crown ether can improve the arsenic removal during coal pyrolysis, and especially be conducive to the arsenic which is mainly associated with sulfates ＆ monosulfides and that in stable forms.

Molten waste plastic pyrolysis in a vertical falling film reactor and the influence of temperature on the pyrolysis products

Molten plastics are characterised with high viscosity and low thermal conductivity. Applying falling film pyrolysis reactor to deal with waste plastics can not only improve heat transfer efficiency, but also solve the flow problem. In this work, the pyrolysis process of molten polypropylene （PP） in a vertical falling film reactor is experimentally studied, and the influence of heating temperature on pyrolysis products is discussed. It has been found that with the temperature increases from 550 ℃ to 625 ℃, the yield of pyrolysis oil decreases from 74.4 wt% （ 4- 2.2 wt/%） to 53.5 wt% （± 1.3 wt%）. The major compositions of the pyrolysis oil are C9, C12 and C18, and β-scission reactions are predominant. The content of the light fraction C6-C12 of pyrolysis oil is 69.7 wt%. Compared with other pyrolysis reactors, the yield ofoil from vertical falling film pyrolysis reactor is slightly higher than that from tubular reactor, equal to that from rotary kiln reactor, and slightly lower than that in medium fluidised-bed reactor.

Investigation into co-pyrolysis characteristics of oil shale and coal

Samples of five types of coal and oil shale from the Daqing region have been subjected to co-pyrolysis in different blending ratios with thermo-gravimetry （TG）, given a heating rate of 30 ℃/min to a final tem- perature of 900 ℃. Investigations on pyrolysis of mixing coal and oil shale in different proportions were carried out, indicating that the main scope of weight loss corresponding to hydrocarbon oil and gas release was between 350 and 550 ℃. At higher temperatures, significant weight loss was attributed to coke decomposition. Characteristic pyrolysis parameters of blends from oil shale and the high ranked XZ coal varied with the blending ratio, but oil shale dominated the process. At the same blending propor- tions, highly volatile medium and low ranked coal of low moisture and ash content reacted well during pyrolysis and could easily create synergies with oil shale. Medium and high ranked coal with high mois- ture content played a negative role in co-pyrolysis.

Investigation on specific heat capacity and thermal behavior of sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate

The thermal decomposition process was studied by the TG–DTA analyzer. The results show that the decomposition process of sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate consisted of three stages: the mass loss for the first, the second and third stages may be about the groups of CH_3CH_2OH, CH_3CHO and SO_2 volatilized, respectively. The decomposition residuum of three stages was analyzed by FT-IR, and the results of FT-IR agreed with the decomposition process predicted by theoretical weight loss. The specific heat capacity of sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate was determined by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC). The melting temperature and melting enthalpy were obtained to be 465.41 K and 25.69 kJ·mol^(-1), respectively. The molar specific heat capacity of sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate was determinated from 310.15 K to 365.15 K and expressed as a function of temperature.

Effects of H_3PO_4 and Ca(H_2PO_4)_2 on mechanical properties and water resistance of thermally decomposed magnesium oxychloride cement

The effects of H3PO4 and Ca（H2PO4）2 on compressive strength, water resistance, hydration process of thermally decomposed magnesium oxychloride cement （TDMOC） pastes were studied. The mineral composition, hydration products and hydration heat release were analyzed by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and TAM air isothermal calorimeter, etc. After being modified by H3PO4 and Ca（HzPO4）2, the properties of the TDMOC are improved obviously. The compressive strength increases from 14.8 MPa to 48.1 MPa and 37.1 MPa, respectively. The strength retention coefficient （Kn） increases from 0.38 to 0.99 and 0.94, respectively. The 24 h hydration heat release decreases by 10% and 4% and the time of hydration peak appearing is delayed from 1 h to about 10 h. The XRD, FT-IR and SEM results show that the main composition is 5Mg（OH）z＇MgCIz＇8H20 in the modified TDMOC pastes. The possible mechanism for the strength enhancement was discussed. The purposes are to extend the potential applications of the salt lake magnesium resources and to improve the mechanical properties of TDMOC.

Preparation of basic magnesium carbonate and its thermal decomposition kinetics in air

The thermal decomposition process of basic magnesium carbonate was investigated. Firstly, Basic magnesium carbonate was prepared from magnesite, and the characteristics of the product were detected by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. Subsequently, the thermal decomposition process of basic magnesium carbonate in air was studied by thermogravimetry-differential thermogravimetry （TG-DTG）. The results of XRD confirm that the chemical composition of basic magnesium carbonate is 4MgCO3·Mg（OH）2·4H2O. And the SEM images show that the sample is in sheet structure, with a diameter of 0.1-1 μm. The TG-DTG results demonstrate that there are two steps in the thermal decomposition process of basic magnesium carbonate. The apparent activation energies （E） were calculated by Flyrm-Wall-Ozawa method. It is obtained from Coats-Redfem＇s equation and Malek method that the mechanism functions of the two decomposition stages are D3 and A1.5, respectively. And then, the kinetic equations of the two steps were deduced as well.

An analytical model for pyrolysis of a single biomass particle

Decreasing in emissions of greenhouse gases to confront the global warming needs to replace fossil fuels as the main doer of the world climate changes by renewable and clean fuels produced from biomass like wood waste which is neutral on the amount of CO2. An analytical and engineering model for pyrolysis process of a single biomass particle has been presented. Using a two-stage semi global kinetic model which includes both primary and secondary reactions, the effects of parameters like shape and size of particle as well as porosity on the particle temperature profile and product yields have been investigated. Comparison of the obtained results with experimental data shows that our results are in a reasonable agreement with previous researchers' works. Finally, a sensitivity analysis is done to determine the importance of each parameter on pyrolysis of a single biomass particle which is affected by many constant parameters.

Integration of coal pyrolysis process with iron ore reduction： Reduction behaviors of iron ore with benzene-containing coal pyrolysis gas as a reducing agent

An integrated coal pyrolysis process with iron ore reduction is proposed in this article. As the first step, iron oxide reduction is studied in a fixed bed reactor using simulated coal pyrolysis gas with benzene as a model tar compound. Variables such as reduction temperature, reduction time and benzene concentration are studied. The carbon deposition of benzene results in the retarded iron reduction at low temperatures. At high temperatures over800 °C, the presence of benzene in the gas can promote iron reduction. The metallization can reach up to 99% in20 min at 900 °C in the presence of benzene. Significant increases of hydrogen and CO/CO2 ratio are observed in the gas. It is indicated that iron reduction is accompanied by the reforming and decomposition of benzene. The degree of metallization and reduction increases with the increasing benzene concentration. Iron oxide can nearly completely be converted into cementite with benzene present in the gas under the experimental conditions. No sintering is found in the reduced sample with benzene in the gas.

Free radical reaction model for n-pentane pyrolysis

A mathematical mechanism of the n-pentane pyrolysis process based on free radical reaction model was presented.The kinetic parameters of n-pentane pyrolysis are obtained by quantum chemistry and the reaction network is established. The solution of the stiff ordinary differential equations in the n-pentane pyrolysis model is completed by semi implicit Eular algorithm. Then the pyrolysis mechanism based on free radical reaction model is built,and the computational efficiency increases 10 times by algorithm optimization. The validity of this model and its solution method is confirmed by the experimental results of n-pentane pyrolysis.

Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Fiber Cloth and Electrothermal Desorption of Volatile Organic Compound(VOCs):A Specific Review

A general research program, focusing on activated carbon fiber cloths （ACFC） and felt for environmental protection was performed. The objectives were multiple： （i） a better understanding of the adsorption mecha- nisms of these kinds of materials; （ii） the specification and optimization of new processes using these adsorbents; （iii） the modeling of the adsorption of organic pollutants using both the usual and original approaches; （iv） applications of ACFC in industrial processes. The general question was： how can activated carbon fiber cloths and felts be used in air treatment processes for the protection of environment. In order to provide an answer, different approaches were adopted. The materials （ACFC） were characterized in terms of macro structure and internal porosity. Specific studies were performed to get the air flow pattern through the fabrics. Head loss data were generated and modeled as a fi.mction of air velocity. The performances of ACF to remove volatile organic compounds （VOCs） were approached with the adsorption isotherms and breakthrough curves in various operating conditions. Regenera- tion by Joule effect shows a homogenous heating of adsorber modules with rolled or pleated layers. Examples of industrial developments were presented showing an interesting technology for the removal of VOCs, such as dichloromethane, benzene, isopropyl alcohol and toluene, alone or in a complex mixture.

Direct spray pyrolysis of aluminum chloride solution for alumina preparation

The effects of pyrolysis mode and pyrolysis parameters on Cl content in alumina were investigated, and the alumina products were characterized by XRD, SEM and ASAP. The experimental results indicate that the spray pyrolysis efficiency is higher than that of static pyrolysis process, and the reaction and evaporation process lead to a multi-plot state of the alumina products by spray pyrolysis. Aluminum phase starts to transform into γ-Al2O3 at spray pyrolysis temperature of 600 °C, which is about 200 °C lower than that of static pyrolysis process. The primary particle size of γ-Al2O3 product is 27.62 nm, and Cl content in alumina products is 0.38% at 800 °C for 20 min.