清代贵州苗疆民族民间解纠机制的主要形式与自治举析

狭义苗疆指贵州东南部清水江与都柳江之间,以古州厅为中心的民族聚居区。清代贵州苗疆囊括清水江和都柳江流域的大部分区域,既有生苗区,又含熟苗区。伴随改土归流、军事征讨、人口南迁、教育开化与文化输入,熟苗区域不断扩大,行政建置不断完善,司法审判不断适用,但清代贵州苗疆的民间纠纷冲突,甚至犯罪仍主要通过民族民间纠纷解决机制进行自治裁断。清代贵州苗疆民族民间纠纷解决机制以凭契讲理、头人说理、立款讲款、议榔裁审和乡约解纠为主要形式,均源自地方性、民族性、自治性、接纳性、可行性的民族民间法文化,弥合官治与自治的阻滞缝隙,实现国家司法与民间解纠的多元共治,完成国家法对民间法的吸例入律,体现制定法和习惯法的竞争合作,能够为当代民族地区多元治理体系提供历史镜鉴。

浅析我国农村纠纷多元化解决机制

对于目前我国农村社会现状而言,其仍属于一种转型期间,正在逐步从简单的乡土社会向一个复杂的社会迈入,利益主体及其价值观的多元化,因此需要我们重新把握新形势下的多元化矛盾,积极追寻发展符合中国国情的农村解纠机制。本文通过分析对当前的农村纠纷解决机制的现状及不足,提出构建多元化解决机制的必要性,从而促进我国农村社会的稳定和谐发展,进而积极主动维护社会的发展。

清至民国时期清水江流域的山林共业与地方社会

明清以来,在土地、林地等产业所有权中通常存在共业形式。从产权角度而言,共业即按份共有的产业,是数名所有者按照确定的份额、股数共有的产业。受自然条件限制、诸子均分制析产、山林买卖等影响,山林业权细分、零散,为便利山林经营与管理,共业形式在贵州清水江流域的林业活动中普遍存在,并通过佃契、卖契、分合同文书确定了主佃、买卖、众山主之间的业权和利益份额,由此山场和劳力利用率提高。但山林共业份额的买卖、转让,通常容易导致山林股额不清,引发利益纠纷。为此,各方基于对情、理、法的共同理解,形成了包括中人、寨老、团绅调解,宰牲鸣神,官提究等民间调解和国家法律相结合的纠纷解决机制,体现出习俗、制度对地方社会问题的应对。

Data analysis of flow of litigation into different channels in China

Following reform and opening up, China witnessed a rapid increase in legal cases, but the rate of increase has undergone a marked decline since 1997. The reasons this has occurred in a period of social transformation are threefold： a non-litigious dispute-settling mechanism, judicial policy and the credibility of the courts. A data analysis of the average annual rate of growth, the correlation coefficient and the respective proportions of solutions under the litigious and the non-litigious dispute-settling mechanisms indicates that the slowing of the rate of growth of litigation has been accompanied by a decrease in the role of the people＇s mediation system and the economic arbitration system. However, it is the strengthening of administrative dispute-settling mechanisms, a judicial policy of not accepting cases, the reform of litigation fees and a series of institutional cbnstructs aimed at judicial corruption that has curbed the rapid increase of legal cases.