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雍乾禁教中天主教的传播与信众 被引量:1
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作者 冯尔康 《安徽史学》 CSSCI 北大核心 2013年第1期17-28,共12页
康熙末年至乾隆三十三年,清朝政府多次禁教,而以雍正二年、乾隆十一年最为严厉。本文叙述这两次禁教,以及在禁教前后西洋传教士潜匿、潜入内地,从事隐蔽的传教活动,致使老教徒继续宗教生活,出现一批新教徒,产生一些华人神职人员和天主... 康熙末年至乾隆三十三年,清朝政府多次禁教,而以雍正二年、乾隆十一年最为严厉。本文叙述这两次禁教,以及在禁教前后西洋传教士潜匿、潜入内地,从事隐蔽的传教活动,致使老教徒继续宗教生活,出现一批新教徒,产生一些华人神职人员和天主教骨干成员;在禁教中,他们不畏刑罚惩处,坚持信仰。本文主旨是陈述这一事实,尤其侧重于传教士的传教活动和信徒的社会成分、奉教原因、诚挚态度。此外,对不绝如缕的传教与信教的历史事实,笔者提出讨论性问题:如何看待民间的天主教信仰,君主专制主义的以信教为犯罪行为的不合理性何在?宗教信仰能够使用法律强制手段解决吗,能够使她消失吗?宗教的魅力究竟在哪里?希望以后有所探讨。 展开更多
关键词 禁教 天主教 潜入 解罪 会长 宗教信仰
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Cross the chasm from the immediate execution of death penalty to the death sentence with a reprieve --- Interpretation of the "not to execute immediately"
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作者 Xiao Yuqin 《International English Education Research》 2015年第1期57-60,共4页
Retaining the death penalty and strict restricting the application of the death penalty is now a basic criminal policy in China, and from the judicial level, the key to the restriction of the death penalty is to study... Retaining the death penalty and strict restricting the application of the death penalty is now a basic criminal policy in China, and from the judicial level, the key to the restriction of the death penalty is to study what lenient sentencing discretion the criminal has to constitute "not to execute immediately" when he has reached the standard of the immediate execution of the death penalty, to cross the chasm from the immediate execution of the death penalty to the death sentence with a reprieve. The basic process of the sentencing is to establish a baseline punishment on the basis of the social harmfulness of the activities of the criminal, and then measure the profits and losses according to the offender's personal danger. Therefore, although the social harmfulness of the activities of the criminal reaches the standard of the "most heinous crimes", due to the existence of the fault of the victim, active compensation for the victim, and the motives of the small blames and other lenient sentencing discretions, the criminal's danger has not reached the degree of "flagrance". Apply the death sentence with a two-year reprieve and even the life imprisonment generally. If there are some strict sentencing discretions, such as "the crime means is extremely cruel", carefully consider the use of the immediate execution of the death penalty. Under the circumstances of the concurrence of the sentencing, carry on the overall consideration based on the comprehensive measurement of various circumstances of the sentencing. 展开更多
关键词 Limit the immediate execution of the death penalty the discretionary circumstances of sentencing individualization of the criminalpenalty
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SPECIAL ISSUE: EXAMINING THE DEATH PENALTY IN CHINA An empirical study of the application of death penalty
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《Social Sciences in China》 2009年第2期191-204,共14页
This empirical study of legal interpretation takes as its sample all "capital crimes" from among the Supreme Court's exemplary cases. The study finds significant variations in which crimes are construed as being ca... This empirical study of legal interpretation takes as its sample all "capital crimes" from among the Supreme Court's exemplary cases. The study finds significant variations in which crimes are construed as being capital crimes, which capital crimes carry the death penalty, and whether the death sentence is carried out immediately. Based on these findings, the author concludes that legal interpretation involves both normative and autonomous judgments, and that the law itself should be clarified to the maximum extent possible so as to bring about a greater degree of standardization in the application of the death penalty. 展开更多
关键词 hierarchy of capital crimes death penalty legal interpretation empirical research
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