如何看待梭伦改革的局限性

公元前五九四年,雅典新兴奴隶主阶级的代表人物梭伦当政,为了加强奴隶主阶级统治和发展奴隶制经济,他针对当时的社会矛盾与弊病,进行了广泛的政治、经济和社会习俗方面的改革。这次改革在雅典历史上占有重要地位,揭开了雅典历史发展的新篇章。

品德教材中“负面”素材发挥“正能量”作用的策略探索

在小学品德教材中存在着许多“负面”的教学素材，其目的是说明道理，加深学生的道德认知。但是在实际教学中我们面对这些“负能量”的素材往往会回避，或有意放大，因此，找准办法，恰当拿捏那个度就成为驾驭此类教学素材的关键所在。这就需要我们正确地解读，杜绝“负面素材”产生“负能量”；需要我们弱化“负面素材”的“负能量”，减轻其在课堂教学中的比例，强化正能量的价值；还需要我们运用“负面素材”的反衬力量，通过正反的强烈对比来弘扬正能量。只有这样，我们才能最有效地让“负面素材”发挥“正能量”的作用。

Sparseness-controlled non-negative tensor factorization and its application in machinery fault diagnosis

Aiming at the problems of bispectral analysis when applied to machinery fault diagnosis, a machinery fault feature extraction method based on sparseness-controlled non-negative tensor factorization （SNTF） is proposed. First, a non-negative tensor factorization（NTF） algorithm is improved by imposing sparseness constraints on it. Secondly, the bispectral images of mechanical signals are obtained and stacked to form a third-order tensor. Thirdly, the improved algorithm is used to extract features, which are represented by a series of basis images from this tensor. Finally, coefficients indicating these basis images＇ weights in constituting original bispectral images are calculated for fault classification. Experiments on fault diagnosis of gearboxes show that the extracted features can not only reveal some nonlinear characteristics of the system, but also have intuitive meanings with regard to fault characteristic frequencies. These features provide great convenience for the interpretation of the relationships between machinery faults and corresponding bispectra.

Local hierarchical non-negative tensor factorization and its application in machinery fault diagnosis

Aiming at the slow convergence and low accuracy problems of the traditional non-negative tensor factorization, a local hierarchical non-negative tensor factorization method is proposed by applying the local objective function theory to non- negative tensor factorization and combining the three semi-non- negative matrix factorization（NMF） model. The effectiveness of the method is verified by the facial feature extraction experiment. Through the decomposition of a series of an air compressor＇s vibration signals composed in the form of a bispectrum by this new method, the basis images representing the fault features and corresponding weight matrices are obtained. Then the relationships between characteristics and faults are analyzed and the fault types are classified by importing the weight matrices into the BP neural network. Experimental results show that the accuracy of fault diagnosis is improved by this new method compared with other feature extraction methods.

试论梭伦改革在雅典城邦形成过程中的地位

由于“雅典人国家的产生乃是一般国家形成的一种非常典型的例子”,学者们对雅典国家的形成已经发表过不少文章。这些文章从氏族制度与国家两者作用的相互消长的方面研究了国家起源这一重大理论问题,但从原始公社的瓦解和城邦制度的形成的角度研究问题的还不多。在我看来,国家起源与城邦制度的形成是既有联系又有区别的,不能混为一谈。如果我们把公民公社看成城邦问题的核心。

债务奴隶制与古代商品生产——兼论奴隶制城邦的兴衰

债务奴隶制又称债务奴役制,是剥削因无力偿还借贷而被迫沦为奴隶的劳动者的一种形式。这种形式产生于原始公社解体后的奴隶社会初期,影响着整个奴隶制城邦(又称城市国家)的发展进程,在奴隶制经济发展和政治斗争中产生过重大作用。奴隶社会灭亡后,还以变化了的形式不同程度地残存于以后的阶级社会中。本文仅从奴隶社会商品生产发展中探讨债务奴隶制的产生、废除及其历史影响。

关于评价梭伦改革的三个问题

梭伦是古代雅典工商业奴隶主的代表人物。公元前五九四年,他担任首席执政官。执政后,他为了给工商业奴隶主开拓登上政治舞台的道路,进行了一系列的改革,史称“梭伦改革”。对梭伦改革,我国史学界早有定论。一九八○年林敦明同志在山东师院学报第一期上发表了《怎样评价梭伦的改革》一文。

雅典早期的贵族与平民——恩格斯《起源》第五章读后记

恩格斯的《家庭、私有制和国家的起源》(简称《起源》)这部现代社会主义主要著作,研究了国家在氏族制度废墟上的兴起,概括为雅典、罗马和德意志三种主要形式。雅典是最纯粹、最典型的形式。《起源》第五章结尾说:“雅典人国家的产生乃是一般国家形成的一种非常典型的例子,一方面,因为它的产生非常纯粹。

Matrix dimensionality reduction for mining typical user profiles

Recently clustering techniques have been used to automatically discover typical user profiles. In general, it is a challenging problem to design effective similarity measure between the session vectors which are usually high-dimensional and sparse. Two approaches for mining typical user profiles, based on matrix dimensionality reduction, are presented. In these approaches, non-negative matrix factorization is applied to reduce dimensionality of the session-URL matrix, and the projecting vectors of the user-session vectors are clustered into typical user-session profiles using the spherical k -means algorithm. The results show that two algorithms are successful in mining many typical user profiles in the user sessions.

Oscillation of Unstable Second Order Neutral Differential Equations with Positive and Negative Coefficients

This paper discusses a class of unstable second order neutral differential equations with positive and negative coeffcients. Sufficient conditions for all bounded solutions of the equations to be oscillatory are obtained.

Arsenic Removal from Pinctada martensii Enzymatic Hydrolysate by Using Zr(Ⅳ)-Loaded Chelating Resin

The present study investigated the removal of inorganic arsenic from Pinctada martensii enzymatic hydrolysate through unmodified resin （D296） and Zr（IV）-loaded chelating resin （Zr-D401）. By loading Zr to macroporous chelating resin D401, the as exchange adsorption active sites are generated. This transforms D401 from a material that does not have the arsenic adsorption capacity into a material that has excellent arsenic exchange adsorption capacity. The static adsorption experiments were conducted to investigate the optimal removal condition for D296 and Zr-D401. The experimental results show that： the optimum condition for D296 is that T= 25℃, pH= 5, resin additive amount= 1 g （50 mL）-1, and contact time = 10 h, the corresponding arsenic removal rate being 65.7%, and protein loss being 2.33%; the optimum condition for Zr-D401 is that T=25 ℃, pH = 8, resin additive amount= 1 g （50 mL）-1, and contact time=10 h, the corresponding arsenic removal rate being 70.3%, and protein loss being 4.65%. These results show that both of the two resins are effective in arsenic removal for preserving useful substance. Our research provides scientific evidence and advances in the processing technology for heavy metal removal in shellfish.

Construction of crash prediction model of freeway basic segment based on interactive influence of explanatory variables

In order to improve the prediction precision of the safety performance function （SPF） of freeway basic segments, design and crash data of 640 segments are collected from different institutions. Three negative binomial （NB） regression models and three generalized negative binomial （GNB） regression models are built to prove that the interactive influence of explanatory variables plays an important role in fitting goodness. The effective use of the GNB model in analyzing the interactive influence of explanatory variables and predicting freeway basic segments is demonstrated. Among six models, the two models （one is the NB model and the other is the GNB model. ） which consider the interactive influence of the annual average daily traffic （AADT） and length are more reasonable for predicting results. Furthermore, a comprehensive study is carried out to prove that when considering the interactive influence, the NB and GNB models have almost the same fitting performance in estimating the crashes, among which the GNB model is slightly better for prediction performance.

Fabrication and anodic polarization behavior of lead-based porous anodes in zinc electrowinning

A new type of lead-based porous anode in zinc electrowinning was prepared by negative pressure infiltration. The anodic polarization potential and corrosion rate were studied and compared with those of traditional fiat anodes （Pb-0.8%Ag） used in industry. The anode corrosion rate was determined by anode actual current density and microstructure. The results show that the anodic oxygen evolution potential decreases first and then increases with the decrease of pore diameter. The anodic potential decreases to the lowest value of 1.729 V at the pore diameter of 1.25-1.60 mm. The porous anode can decrease its actual current density and thus decrease the anodic corrosion rate. When the pore diameter is 1.60-2.00 mm, the anodic relative corrosion rate reaches the lowest value of 52.1%.

Analytical solution to rock pressure acting on three shallow tunnels subjected to unsymmetrical loads

According to the interaction of three shallow tunnels with large section, the analytical solution to rock pressure has been derived and discussed. The load model is given when the bilateral tunnels are excavated. According to the model, the stresses of three tunnels and single tunnel are calculated and compared to analyze the distribution characteristics, where the stresses are influenced by controlling factors of clear distance, covering depth and inclination angle of ground surface. The results show that, in general, the bias distribution is more serious. Therefore, it is significant to settle down the load model of three shallow tunnels so as to determine the measure of reinforcement and design the structure of support. The model and results can be used as a theoretical basis in designation and further research of the three shallow tunnels.

Freights loading optimization with balanced and unconcentrated loading constraints

The optimization of high density and concentrated-weight freights loading requires an even distribution of the freight's weight and unconcentrated loading on the floor of the car.Based on the characteristics of concentrated-weight category freights,an improvement method is put forward to build freight towers and a greedy-construction algorithm is utilized based on heuristic information for the initial layout.Then a feasibility analysis is performed to judge if the balanced and unconcentrated loading constrains are reached.Through introducing optimization or adjustment methods,an overall optimal solution can be obtained.Experiments are conducted using data generated from real cases showing the effectiveness of our approach: volume utility ratio of 90.4% and load capacity utility ratio of 86.7% which is comparably even to the packing of the general freights.

Influence of CsNO_3 as electrolyte additive on electrochemical property of lithium anode in rechargeable battery

Lithium metal is one of the most promising anode materials for rechargeable battery with high energy density,but its practical use is still hindered by two main problems,namely,lithium dendrite growth and low Coulombic efficiency.To address the issues,cesium nitrate(CsNO3)is selected as the additive to modify the electrolyte for lithium secondary battery.Here we report electrochemical performance of lithium secondary battery with different concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive.The study result demonstrates that Coulombic efficiency of Li–Cu cells and the lifetime of symmetric lithium cells contained CsNO3 additive are improved greatly.Li–Cu cell with 0.05 mol/L CsNO3 and 0.15 mol/L LiNO3 as electrolyte additive presents the best electrochemical performance,having the highest Coulombic efficiency of around 97%and the lowest interfacial resistance.With increasing the concentration of CsNO3 as electrolyte additive,the electrochemical performance of cells becomes poor.Meanwhile,the morphology of lithium deposited films with CsNO3-modified electrolyte become smoother and more uniform compared with the basic electrolyte.

Isolation of Whole-plant Multiple Oscillations via Non-negative Spectral Decompositio

Constrained spectral non-negative matrix factorization(NMF)analysis of perturbed oscillatory process control loop variable data is performed for the isolation of multiple plant-wide oscillatory sources.The technique is described and demonstrated by analyzing data from both simulated and real plant data of a chemical process plant. Results show that the proposed approach can map multiple oscillatory sources onto the most appropriate control loops,and has superior performance in terms of reconstruction accuracy and intuitive understanding compared with spectral independent component analysis(ICA).

Ion-Pair Photodissociation of Trichloromonofluoromethane

fragments, F- and Cl- including two isotope species 35Cl- and 37Cl-, are observed in the photoexcitations of CFC13. The ion-pair anion efficiency spectra of 35Cl- and 37Cl- are recorded in the photon energy range of 7.75-22.00 eV. The threshold of ion-pair dissociation CFCl3-CFC12＋＋Cl- is experimentally determined to be 7.944-0.04 eV. With the references of the high-resolution photoabsorption spectra reported in the literatures, we make tentative assignments of the electron valence-to-Rydberg transitions. Furthermore, the multibody ion-pair fragmentation processes to Cl- are discussed by comparison between the calculated thermochemical thresholds and the experimental efficiency spectrum.

The Qualitative Analysis of a Solution of a Series Maintenance System with Two Components

In this paper, firstly we study the series ma intenance system with two components, obtain its exsistence and uniqueness of a dynamic state nonnegative solution by strongly continuous semigroups of operator s theory. Then we prove that 0 is the eigenvalue of the system’s host operators, a nd finally we study the eigenvector of the eigenvalue 0.

Enzyme-like Activities of Algal Polysaccharide-Cerium Complexes

Water-soluble algal polysaccharides (APS) (alginic acid, fucoidan and laminaran) possess many pharmacological activities. The results of this study showed that the APS- Ce4+ complexes have some enzyme-like activities. Fucoidan and its complex with Ce4+ have activities similar to those of SOD. The activities of laminaran, alginic acid and their complexes are not measurable. The APS do not show measurable activities in the digestion of plasmid DNA. In contrast, the APS- Ce4+ complexes show these measurable activities under the comparable condition when APS bind Ce4+ and form homogenous solu-tions. The laminaran- Ce4+ complex shows the most obvious activity in the digestion of plasmid DNA, pNPP and chloropy-rifos under neutral conditions.