This paper discusses the approach to the CET （college English test） oral test based on automatic essay marking （AEM）. The reliability and validity arouses a dispute on Internet-based CET （iB-CET） oral test in Ch...This paper discusses the approach to the CET （college English test） oral test based on automatic essay marking （AEM）. The reliability and validity arouses a dispute on Internet-based CET （iB-CET） oral test in China, leading to the penetration into oral test contents in dialogue, description or comment, and question answering. Then, a probe into transformation from a spoken document into a textual document is touched on a conversion ratio of 72% adopted at the present time, AEM to be carried forward being a necessary hypothesis for Afterwards, this paper focuses on the pipeline in AEM with the content features and the language itself, which is established in two different models in marking for extraction and detection. Through experiments, this paper reveals the fact that an iB-CET oral test can be performed perfectly in the pipeline of spoken documents transformed into textual documents which can be automatically marked. Hence the design of the iB-CET oral test reaches its reliability and validity.展开更多
A tropical cyclone is a kind of violent weather system that takes place in warmer tropical oceans and spins rapidly around its center and at the same time moves along surrounding flows. It is generally recognized that...A tropical cyclone is a kind of violent weather system that takes place in warmer tropical oceans and spins rapidly around its center and at the same time moves along surrounding flows. It is generally recognized that the large-scale circulation plays a major role in determining the movement of tropical cyclones and the effects of steering flows are the highest priority in the forecasting of tropical cyclone motion and track. This article adopts a new method to derive the steering flow and select a typical swerving track case (typhoon Dan, coded 9914) to illustrate the validity of the method. The general approach is to modify the vorticity, geostropical vorticity and divergence, investigate the change in the non-divergent stream function, geoptential and velocity potential, respectively, and compute a modified velocity field to determine the steering flow. Unlike other methods in regular use such as weighted average of wind fields or geopoential height, this method has the least adverse effects on the environmental field and could derive a proper steering flow which fits well with storm motion. Combined with other internal and external forcings, this method could have wide application in the prediction of tropical cyclone track.展开更多
Plotinus＇ account of matter in Ennead III 6[26] 11-15 serves two purposes. The terms, evil and ugly, present the negative side of matter＇s causality, providing for the change characteristic of the sensible world and...Plotinus＇ account of matter in Ennead III 6[26] 11-15 serves two purposes. The terms, evil and ugly, present the negative side of matter＇s causality, providing for the change characteristic of the sensible world and the possibility of ontological evil and privation as well as of moral evil among human beings. The receptacle and other images from Plato＇s Timaeus present the positive side of this causality, matter as allowing for the presence of forms in the bodies of the sensible world. Plotinus explicitly articulates the linguistic problem surrounding the nature of matter, since language is derived from the corporeal and thus needs constant correction when applied to matter as incorporeal. His use of language, thus, always has two phases, first, capturing the nature of matter as aptly as possible, and second, highlighting the difference between matter and the image, analogy, or metaphor used to help explain it.展开更多
Interaction is one of the crucial features of multl-agent systems, in which there are two kinds of interaction： agent-to-agent and human-to-agent. In order to unify the two kinds of interaction while designing multi-...Interaction is one of the crucial features of multl-agent systems, in which there are two kinds of interaction： agent-to-agent and human-to-agent. In order to unify the two kinds of interaction while designing multi-agent systems, this paper introduces Q language-a scenario description language for designing interaction among agents and humans. Based on Q, we propose an integrating interaction framework system for multi-agent coordination, in which Q scenarios are used to uniformly describe both kinds of interactions. Being in accordance to the characteristics of Q language, the Q-based framework makes the interaction process open and easily understood by the users. Additionally, it makes specific applications of multi-agent systems easy to be established by application designers. By applying agent negotiation in agent-mediated e-commerce and agent cooperation in interoperable information query on the Semantic Web, we illustrate how the presented framework for multi-agent coordination is implemented in concrete applications. At the same time, these two different applications also demonstrate usability of the presented framework and verify validity of Q language.展开更多
The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between pronouns in Korean and Myanmar. In other words, we try to help Korean and Myanmar learners to study personal pronouns by comparing the p...The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between pronouns in Korean and Myanmar. In other words, we try to help Korean and Myanmar learners to study personal pronouns by comparing the personal pronouns between the two languages. Personal pronouns are used in Myanmar as “pronouns referring to people” as in Korean. The two languages are divided into first person, second person, and third person pronoun. However, looking at functions and usage, there seem to be many differences between the two languages. For example, in the case of Myanmar language, personal pronouns are different according to gender and personal pronouns are used differently for general people and monks. Myanmar also uses the personal pronouns differently depending on colloquial and written language. In the case of Korean language, there is no big difference between the sexes in different languages but there is difference between the people and monks in terms of Myanmar language. However, Korean people have difficulties in learning personal pronouns because their usage differs according to their status and social status. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is meaningful to identify commonalities and differences between languages by comparing characteristics and use of personal pronouns between the two languages.展开更多
As a dynamic language phenomenon, public service advertisement reflects the social language life. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the theme selection and language of outdoor public service advertisement lan...As a dynamic language phenomenon, public service advertisement reflects the social language life. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the theme selection and language of outdoor public service advertisement language in Guangzhou. It describes the features and expressions of outdoor public service advertisement in subject content, sentence form and rhetoric, aimed at understanding the basic situation and effect of public service advertisement on the audience, and guiding the audience to improve their morality and behavior.展开更多
This paper proposes that there is a relation between numbers and letters. This relation may exist in all types of different languages. This research focuses on the reason of choosing some mathematical symbols like ＂ ...This paper proposes that there is a relation between numbers and letters. This relation may exist in all types of different languages. This research focuses on the reason of choosing some mathematical symbols like ＂ ＂ and ＂π＂ in Arabic, Latin, and English languages. Also, this paper presents some relations between months, weeks, and days in Arabic, English, and Latin languages.展开更多
Personification is widely acknowledged for its central role in the understanding of a nation.However,empirical evidence of its pervasiveness in authentic language data is lacking.In a selfbuilt corpus of news report,t...Personification is widely acknowledged for its central role in the understanding of a nation.However,empirical evidence of its pervasiveness in authentic language data is lacking.In a selfbuilt corpus of news report,this study coded,categorized,and analyzed the metaphoric and metonymic use of two country names:China and Australia.The distribution of the use of country names shows a continuum ranging from the literal,through metonymy,to metaphor.A clear majority of the figurative use of national names in the corpus lies in the category of metonymy,and the fuzzy area between metonymy and metaphor.In contrast,metaphors only take up a minor proportion,and most of them are based on metonymic link.By examining the mundane and seemingly literate use of country names,this study exemplifies that consistent patterns of conventional metonymy and metaphor are able to incur significant cognitive impact.Thus,this study calls for more attention on metonymy and metonymy-metaphor interaction in empirical studies on metaphor.展开更多
South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of S...South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29（1） of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that： ＂Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable＂. However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one＇s own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one＇s mother tongue promotes full participation in the economy of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language（s） primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.展开更多
基金The Humanities and Social Sciences Project granted from the Ministry of Education in China(No.10YJA740061,11YJA740121)the Teaching Reform Key Project under Educational Section of Jiangsu Province(No.2011JSJG453)+3 种基金Southeast University Teaching Reform Project for Graduates(No.2010-54)Southeast University Teaching Reform Project for Post-Graduates(No.KJGKT12-06)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK2008354)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.6550181821,60975017)
文摘This paper discusses the approach to the CET （college English test） oral test based on automatic essay marking （AEM）. The reliability and validity arouses a dispute on Internet-based CET （iB-CET） oral test in China, leading to the penetration into oral test contents in dialogue, description or comment, and question answering. Then, a probe into transformation from a spoken document into a textual document is touched on a conversion ratio of 72% adopted at the present time, AEM to be carried forward being a necessary hypothesis for Afterwards, this paper focuses on the pipeline in AEM with the content features and the language itself, which is established in two different models in marking for extraction and detection. Through experiments, this paper reveals the fact that an iB-CET oral test can be performed perfectly in the pipeline of spoken documents transformed into textual documents which can be automatically marked. Hence the design of the iB-CET oral test reaches its reliability and validity.
基金project of the Ministry of Sciences and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (GYHY200706020)projects of National Natural Science Foundation of China ((40975034, 40505009)project of State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather (2008LASW-A01)
文摘A tropical cyclone is a kind of violent weather system that takes place in warmer tropical oceans and spins rapidly around its center and at the same time moves along surrounding flows. It is generally recognized that the large-scale circulation plays a major role in determining the movement of tropical cyclones and the effects of steering flows are the highest priority in the forecasting of tropical cyclone motion and track. This article adopts a new method to derive the steering flow and select a typical swerving track case (typhoon Dan, coded 9914) to illustrate the validity of the method. The general approach is to modify the vorticity, geostropical vorticity and divergence, investigate the change in the non-divergent stream function, geoptential and velocity potential, respectively, and compute a modified velocity field to determine the steering flow. Unlike other methods in regular use such as weighted average of wind fields or geopoential height, this method has the least adverse effects on the environmental field and could derive a proper steering flow which fits well with storm motion. Combined with other internal and external forcings, this method could have wide application in the prediction of tropical cyclone track.
文摘Plotinus＇ account of matter in Ennead III 6[26] 11-15 serves two purposes. The terms, evil and ugly, present the negative side of matter＇s causality, providing for the change characteristic of the sensible world and the possibility of ontological evil and privation as well as of moral evil among human beings. The receptacle and other images from Plato＇s Timaeus present the positive side of this causality, matter as allowing for the presence of forms in the bodies of the sensible world. Plotinus explicitly articulates the linguistic problem surrounding the nature of matter, since language is derived from the corporeal and thus needs constant correction when applied to matter as incorporeal. His use of language, thus, always has two phases, first, capturing the nature of matter as aptly as possible, and second, highlighting the difference between matter and the image, analogy, or metaphor used to help explain it.
文摘Interaction is one of the crucial features of multl-agent systems, in which there are two kinds of interaction： agent-to-agent and human-to-agent. In order to unify the two kinds of interaction while designing multi-agent systems, this paper introduces Q language-a scenario description language for designing interaction among agents and humans. Based on Q, we propose an integrating interaction framework system for multi-agent coordination, in which Q scenarios are used to uniformly describe both kinds of interactions. Being in accordance to the characteristics of Q language, the Q-based framework makes the interaction process open and easily understood by the users. Additionally, it makes specific applications of multi-agent systems easy to be established by application designers. By applying agent negotiation in agent-mediated e-commerce and agent cooperation in interoperable information query on the Semantic Web, we illustrate how the presented framework for multi-agent coordination is implemented in concrete applications. At the same time, these two different applications also demonstrate usability of the presented framework and verify validity of Q language.
文摘The purpose of this paper is to examine the similarities and differences between pronouns in Korean and Myanmar. In other words, we try to help Korean and Myanmar learners to study personal pronouns by comparing the personal pronouns between the two languages. Personal pronouns are used in Myanmar as “pronouns referring to people” as in Korean. The two languages are divided into first person, second person, and third person pronoun. However, looking at functions and usage, there seem to be many differences between the two languages. For example, in the case of Myanmar language, personal pronouns are different according to gender and personal pronouns are used differently for general people and monks. Myanmar also uses the personal pronouns differently depending on colloquial and written language. In the case of Korean language, there is no big difference between the sexes in different languages but there is difference between the people and monks in terms of Myanmar language. However, Korean people have difficulties in learning personal pronouns because their usage differs according to their status and social status. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, it is meaningful to identify commonalities and differences between languages by comparing characteristics and use of personal pronouns between the two languages.
文摘As a dynamic language phenomenon, public service advertisement reflects the social language life. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the theme selection and language of outdoor public service advertisement language in Guangzhou. It describes the features and expressions of outdoor public service advertisement in subject content, sentence form and rhetoric, aimed at understanding the basic situation and effect of public service advertisement on the audience, and guiding the audience to improve their morality and behavior.
文摘This paper proposes that there is a relation between numbers and letters. This relation may exist in all types of different languages. This research focuses on the reason of choosing some mathematical symbols like ＂ ＂ and ＂π＂ in Arabic, Latin, and English languages. Also, this paper presents some relations between months, weeks, and days in Arabic, English, and Latin languages.
基金The present study is part of the Chinese MOE Key Research Project of Humanities and Social Science(Project No.16JJD740006)conducted by the Centre for Linguistics and Applied Linguistics,Guangdong University of Foreign Studies.
文摘Personification is widely acknowledged for its central role in the understanding of a nation.However,empirical evidence of its pervasiveness in authentic language data is lacking.In a selfbuilt corpus of news report,this study coded,categorized,and analyzed the metaphoric and metonymic use of two country names:China and Australia.The distribution of the use of country names shows a continuum ranging from the literal,through metonymy,to metaphor.A clear majority of the figurative use of national names in the corpus lies in the category of metonymy,and the fuzzy area between metonymy and metaphor.In contrast,metaphors only take up a minor proportion,and most of them are based on metonymic link.By examining the mundane and seemingly literate use of country names,this study exemplifies that consistent patterns of conventional metonymy and metaphor are able to incur significant cognitive impact.Thus,this study calls for more attention on metonymy and metonymy-metaphor interaction in empirical studies on metaphor.
文摘South Africa has 11 official languages enshrined in the Constitution of the country. An additional language, sign language was approved as an official language at the end of 2008. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa and the South African Schools Act 84 of 1996 emphasise teaching and learning through any mother tongue, a learner would understand best. Section 29（1） of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa categorically states that： ＂Everyone has the right to receive education in the official language or languages of their choice in public educational institutions where that education is reasonably practicable＂. However, most text books written in English have been prescribed at many schools. One is not certain whether the subjects are taught in English or in the indigenous language at these schools. In the end, those teachers use the mother tongue, together with English, in teaching learners. This result in code switching and code mixing takes place in classes, which are meant to facilitate communication across barriers of colour, language, and region, while creating an environment in which respect for languages other than one＇s own would be encouraged. Teaching and learning in one＇s mother tongue promotes full participation in the economy of the country. The aim of the paper is to investigate teaching and learning in Vhembe primary schools of the Limpopo Province in South Africa, within the framework of existing legislation. This will be compared with empirical evidence. The researcher seeks to establish what language（s） primary schools use for teaching and learning. Based on this, conclusions and recommendations will be made to assist stakeholders in language-in-education policy formulation.
