《中国言法》(Elements of Chinese Grammar)是英国传教士马士曼1814年出版的一部汉语研究著作,文中所用汉字有拉丁化注音。与此前《葡汉辞典》《西字奇迹》《西儒耳目资》等天主教士创制的拼音方案带有拉丁语、葡萄牙语、意大利语、法...《中国言法》(Elements of Chinese Grammar)是英国传教士马士曼1814年出版的一部汉语研究著作,文中所用汉字有拉丁化注音。与此前《葡汉辞典》《西字奇迹》《西儒耳目资》等天主教士创制的拼音方案带有拉丁语、葡萄牙语、意大利语、法语色彩不同,《中国言法》使用的拼音方案是以英语为基础构建的,这要早于后期成为主流的威妥玛方案。这套方案的语音基础是当时的标准音,但是受作者当时学习条件的限制,也体现出了一些粤语的特点。展开更多
An artificial neural network (ANN) short term forecasting model of consumption per hour was built based on seasonality,trend and randomness of a city period of time water consumption series.Different hidden layer no...An artificial neural network (ANN) short term forecasting model of consumption per hour was built based on seasonality,trend and randomness of a city period of time water consumption series.Different hidden layer nodes,same inputs and forecasting data were selected to train and forecast and then the relative errors were compared so as to confirm the NN structure.A model was set up and used to forecast concretely by Matlab.It is tested by examples and compared with the result of time series trigonometric function analytical method.The result indicates that the prediction errors of NN are small and the velocity of forecasting is fast.It can completely meet the actual needs of the control and run of the water supply system.展开更多
Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph gr...Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.展开更多
Aim To present an ASIC design of DA based 2 D IDCT. Methods\ In the design of 1 D IDCT is utilized a Chen based fast IDCT algorithm, and multiplier accumulators based on distributed algorithm contributes in reduc...Aim To present an ASIC design of DA based 2 D IDCT. Methods\ In the design of 1 D IDCT is utilized a Chen based fast IDCT algorithm, and multiplier accumulators based on distributed algorithm contributes in reducing the hardware amount and in enhancing the speed performance. Results and Conclusion\ VHDL simulation, synthesis and layout design of system are implemented. This 2 D IDCT ASIC design owns best timing performance when compared with other better designs internationally. Results of design prove to be excellent.展开更多
In this paper, we present a fuzzy linguistic scale, which is characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers on [1/9, 9], for the comparison between two alternatives, and introduce a possibility degree formula for comparing...In this paper, we present a fuzzy linguistic scale, which is characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers on [1/9, 9], for the comparison between two alternatives, and introduce a possibility degree formula for comparing triangular fuzzy numbers. We utilize the fuzzy linguistic scale to construct a linguistic preference matrix, and propose a fuzzy induced ordered weighted geometric averaging (FIOWGA) operator to aggregate linguistic preference information. A method based on the fuzzy linguistic scale and FIOWGA operator for decision-making problems is presented. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness.展开更多
This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing mod...This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing model. Firstly,the scheme of verb subdivision is described. Secondly,a maximum entropy model is presented to distinguish verb subclasses. Finally,a statistical parser is developed to evaluate the verb subdivision. Experimental results indicate that the use of verb subclasses has a good influence on parsing performance.展开更多
We developed and tested an improved neural network to predict the average concentration of PM10(particulate matter with diameter smaller than 10 ?m) several hours in advance in summer in Beijing.A genetic algorithm op...We developed and tested an improved neural network to predict the average concentration of PM10(particulate matter with diameter smaller than 10 ?m) several hours in advance in summer in Beijing.A genetic algorithm optimization procedure for optimizing initial weights and thresholds of the neural network was also evaluated.This research was based upon the PM10 data from seven monitoring sites in Beijing urban region and meteorological observation data,which were recorded every 3 h during summer of 2002.Two neural network models were developed.Model I was built for predicting PM10 concentrations 3 h in advance while Model II for one day in advance.The predictions of both models were found to be consistent with observations.Percent errors in forecasting the numerical value were about 20.This brings us to the conclusion that short-term fluctuations of PM10 concentrations in Beijing urban region in summer are to a large extent driven by meteorological conditions.Moreover,the predicted results of Model II were compared with the ones provided by the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ) modeling system.The mean relative errors of both models were 0.21 and 0.26,respectively.The performance of the neural network model was similar to numerical models,when applied to short-time prediction of PM10 concentration.展开更多
From the perspective of the poverty of stimulus argument and the cognitive development theory, this paper attempts to reveal the mechanism of language acquisition. The poverty of stimulus argument theoretically proves...From the perspective of the poverty of stimulus argument and the cognitive development theory, this paper attempts to reveal the mechanism of language acquisition. The poverty of stimulus argument theoretically proves the hypothesis that based on their finite linguistic experience, children can construct their complete language knowledge system. Language acquisition is the process of acquisition of core grammar and of mental representation of vocabulary. Parameter values must be set in the process of children＇s core grammar acquisition. Vocabulary of natural language is stored and processed in the form of conceptual representation, which is associated with syntactic structures by projection rules and bounded by various well-formed rules. The cognitive development theory claims that language acquisition is a development process of universal grammar into particular grammar, which is redescribed at a higher level.展开更多
Problems in generating and organizing ideas, in coherence and language competence are common in non-English majors＇ writings. To improve their writing proficiency, the writing course should have real-life purposes, b...Problems in generating and organizing ideas, in coherence and language competence are common in non-English majors＇ writings. To improve their writing proficiency, the writing course should have real-life purposes, balance between real and display writing, between product and process approaches, vary writing activities, train strategies in improving coherence, balance the content of feedback and use various forms of feedback.展开更多
In this paper, the concept of type 2 expressions (2Es for short) is briefly introduced, and it is proved strictly that CFL class is precisely the language class expressed by 2Es. A new proof using 2Es to pumping lemma...In this paper, the concept of type 2 expressions (2Es for short) is briefly introduced, and it is proved strictly that CFL class is precisely the language class expressed by 2Es. A new proof using 2Es to pumping lemma for CFLs is geven.展开更多
Through this research, on the basis of English-Chinese and Chinese-English parallel corpora, the following conclusion tries to be drawn： In English, the perfect may not be used together with the specific time of the ...Through this research, on the basis of English-Chinese and Chinese-English parallel corpora, the following conclusion tries to be drawn： In English, the perfect may not be used together with the specific time of the past situation. In contrast to English, Chinese does not have perfect constructions. English perfective aspect is an actual aspect indication： duration and completion of an action or situation. According to different reference time, the actual aspect can be divided into past actuality, present actuality and future actuality. This paper will undoubtedly contribute to the study of tense-aspect in Chinese. The study of English perfective aspect is conducive to the comparative study and translation of aspect in English and Chinese.展开更多
Construction grammar attempts to reveal the nature, structure, and functions of language. As a theoretical system of language based on cognitive linguistics, construction grammar is a reaction and thus a contrast to t...Construction grammar attempts to reveal the nature, structure, and functions of language. As a theoretical system of language based on cognitive linguistics, construction grammar is a reaction and thus a contrast to the traditional generative grammar. This paper tries to outline the major propositions of construction grammar and construction theory, analyses the significance of constructions and their relations to second language acquisition （SLA） and the routes of construction acquisition in SLA, plus the orientations in research on the relations between construction acquisition and SLA.展开更多
文摘《中国言法》(Elements of Chinese Grammar)是英国传教士马士曼1814年出版的一部汉语研究著作,文中所用汉字有拉丁化注音。与此前《葡汉辞典》《西字奇迹》《西儒耳目资》等天主教士创制的拼音方案带有拉丁语、葡萄牙语、意大利语、法语色彩不同,《中国言法》使用的拼音方案是以英语为基础构建的,这要早于后期成为主流的威妥玛方案。这套方案的语音基础是当时的标准音,但是受作者当时学习条件的限制,也体现出了一些粤语的特点。
基金Supported by Foundation for University Key Teacher by Ministryof Education.
文摘An artificial neural network (ANN) short term forecasting model of consumption per hour was built based on seasonality,trend and randomness of a city period of time water consumption series.Different hidden layer nodes,same inputs and forecasting data were selected to train and forecast and then the relative errors were compared so as to confirm the NN structure.A model was set up and used to forecast concretely by Matlab.It is tested by examples and compared with the result of time series trigonometric function analytical method.The result indicates that the prediction errors of NN are small and the velocity of forecasting is fast.It can completely meet the actual needs of the control and run of the water supply system.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.60571048,60673186,60736015)the National High Technology Researchand Development Program of China(863Program)(No.2007AA01Z178)
文摘Since the specifications of most of the existing context-sensitive graph grammars tend to be either too intricate or not intuitive, a novel context-sensitive graph grammar formalism, called context-attributed graph grammar（CAGG）, is proposed. In order to resolve the embedding problem, context information of a graph production in the CAGG is represented in the form of context attributes of the nodes involved. Moreover, several properties of a set of confluent CAGG productions are characterized, and then an algorithm based on them is developed to decide whether or not a set of productions is confluent, which provides the foundation for the design of efficient parsing algorithms. It can also be shown through the comparison of CAGG with several typical context-sensitive graph grammars that CAGG is more succinct and, at the same time, more intuitive than the others, making it more suitably and effortlessly applicable to the specification of visual languages.
文摘Aim To present an ASIC design of DA based 2 D IDCT. Methods\ In the design of 1 D IDCT is utilized a Chen based fast IDCT algorithm, and multiplier accumulators based on distributed algorithm contributes in reducing the hardware amount and in enhancing the speed performance. Results and Conclusion\ VHDL simulation, synthesis and layout design of system are implemented. This 2 D IDCT ASIC design owns best timing performance when compared with other better designs internationally. Results of design prove to be excellent.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(79970093) the Ph.D. Dissertation Foundation of Southeast University- NARI-Relays Electric Co. Ltd.
文摘In this paper, we present a fuzzy linguistic scale, which is characterized by triangular fuzzy numbers on [1/9, 9], for the comparison between two alternatives, and introduce a possibility degree formula for comparing triangular fuzzy numbers. We utilize the fuzzy linguistic scale to construct a linguistic preference matrix, and propose a fuzzy induced ordered weighted geometric averaging (FIOWGA) operator to aggregate linguistic preference information. A method based on the fuzzy linguistic scale and FIOWGA operator for decision-making problems is presented. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the developed method and to demonstrate its feasibility and effectiveness.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.60435020, 60575042 and 60503072).
文摘This paper proposes a new way to improve the performance of dependency parser: subdividing verbs according to their grammatical functions and integrating the information of verb subclasses into lexicalized parsing model. Firstly,the scheme of verb subdivision is described. Secondly,a maximum entropy model is presented to distinguish verb subclasses. Finally,a statistical parser is developed to evaluate the verb subdivision. Experimental results indicate that the use of verb subclasses has a good influence on parsing performance.
基金Funded by the High Technology Project(863) of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China(No. 2006AA06A305,6,7)
文摘We developed and tested an improved neural network to predict the average concentration of PM10(particulate matter with diameter smaller than 10 ?m) several hours in advance in summer in Beijing.A genetic algorithm optimization procedure for optimizing initial weights and thresholds of the neural network was also evaluated.This research was based upon the PM10 data from seven monitoring sites in Beijing urban region and meteorological observation data,which were recorded every 3 h during summer of 2002.Two neural network models were developed.Model I was built for predicting PM10 concentrations 3 h in advance while Model II for one day in advance.The predictions of both models were found to be consistent with observations.Percent errors in forecasting the numerical value were about 20.This brings us to the conclusion that short-term fluctuations of PM10 concentrations in Beijing urban region in summer are to a large extent driven by meteorological conditions.Moreover,the predicted results of Model II were compared with the ones provided by the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality(CMAQ) modeling system.The mean relative errors of both models were 0.21 and 0.26,respectively.The performance of the neural network model was similar to numerical models,when applied to short-time prediction of PM10 concentration.
文摘From the perspective of the poverty of stimulus argument and the cognitive development theory, this paper attempts to reveal the mechanism of language acquisition. The poverty of stimulus argument theoretically proves the hypothesis that based on their finite linguistic experience, children can construct their complete language knowledge system. Language acquisition is the process of acquisition of core grammar and of mental representation of vocabulary. Parameter values must be set in the process of children＇s core grammar acquisition. Vocabulary of natural language is stored and processed in the form of conceptual representation, which is associated with syntactic structures by projection rules and bounded by various well-formed rules. The cognitive development theory claims that language acquisition is a development process of universal grammar into particular grammar, which is redescribed at a higher level.
文摘Problems in generating and organizing ideas, in coherence and language competence are common in non-English majors＇ writings. To improve their writing proficiency, the writing course should have real-life purposes, balance between real and display writing, between product and process approaches, vary writing activities, train strategies in improving coherence, balance the content of feedback and use various forms of feedback.
文摘In this paper, the concept of type 2 expressions (2Es for short) is briefly introduced, and it is proved strictly that CFL class is precisely the language class expressed by 2Es. A new proof using 2Es to pumping lemma for CFLs is geven.
文摘Through this research, on the basis of English-Chinese and Chinese-English parallel corpora, the following conclusion tries to be drawn： In English, the perfect may not be used together with the specific time of the past situation. In contrast to English, Chinese does not have perfect constructions. English perfective aspect is an actual aspect indication： duration and completion of an action or situation. According to different reference time, the actual aspect can be divided into past actuality, present actuality and future actuality. This paper will undoubtedly contribute to the study of tense-aspect in Chinese. The study of English perfective aspect is conducive to the comparative study and translation of aspect in English and Chinese.
文摘Construction grammar attempts to reveal the nature, structure, and functions of language. As a theoretical system of language based on cognitive linguistics, construction grammar is a reaction and thus a contrast to the traditional generative grammar. This paper tries to outline the major propositions of construction grammar and construction theory, analyses the significance of constructions and their relations to second language acquisition （SLA） and the routes of construction acquisition in SLA, plus the orientations in research on the relations between construction acquisition and SLA.
