The issue of ＂headedness＂ is a product of Chomsky＇s （1988） notion of UG （Universal Grammar） that led to the development of a framework known as P＆P （Principles and Parameters） theory. It is this theory we ha...The issue of ＂headedness＂ is a product of Chomsky＇s （1988） notion of UG （Universal Grammar） that led to the development of a framework known as P＆P （Principles and Parameters） theory. It is this theory we have adopted for our analysis in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to examine the inconsistency in the value of Head Parameter with reference to the value of DP （determiner phrase） in Yorfib^i. As a native speaker of Yorfib~, the author has adopted an introspective method of data collection and used the intuitive knowledge of other native speakers of the language for necessary clarifications. Despite the fact that English and Yorfib~ are both head-initial, the structure of the NPs （noun phrases） in English shows that the head noun is always pre-modified, making the NP ＂head-final＂--a violation of the value of Head Parameter in the language. This necessitated the need for Abney＇s （1987） DP hypothesis; in which the determiner heads its own phrase, thereby making a NP in English head-initial. This solves the problem of Head Parameter in English. However, since nouns in Yor/lb^i are post-modified, adopting ＂DP-analysis＂ will automatically produce head-final--a violation of the value of Head Parameter in the language. Given the inconsistency in the specification of head-complement order among the noun phrases in English and Yorfib~, this paper proposes to set a parameter for SVO （Subject-Verb-Object） languages with pre-modification （like English） to adopt ＂DP-analysis＂, and those with post-modification （like Yorfib^t） to adopt ＂NP-analysis＂. This will ensure ＂head-initial＂ value for the two categories of SVO languages展开更多
Linguistic-value appraisement extensively exists in artificial intelligence and social system. In the appraisement of enterprise human resource, there is a great amount of linguistic-value information. In order to imp...Linguistic-value appraisement extensively exists in artificial intelligence and social system. In the appraisement of enterprise human resource, there is a great amount of linguistic-value information. In order to improve the reasonability of the result of appraisement of enterprise human resource, we need to study the methods for processing the linguistic-value information. In this paper, a 2-stages method is proposed for processing the linguistic-value appraisement of enterprise human resource. At the first stage, we choose the experts familiar with the related field according to the appraisement goal and problem. At the second stage, we combine the appraisement results by D-S evidence theory or LOWA operator according to the nature of linguistic variable.展开更多
This paper analyzes the role of six tropes （metonymy, synecdoche, metaphor, analogy, allegory, and irony） in Nietzsche＇s and Novalis＇ writings on language and cognition, using the comparison to show how a negative...This paper analyzes the role of six tropes （metonymy, synecdoche, metaphor, analogy, allegory, and irony） in Nietzsche＇s and Novalis＇ writings on language and cognition, using the comparison to show how a negative element in Nietzsche＇s attitude towards the tropic nature of cognition underlies well-known problems in his response to nihilism. These problems include ambiguities in Nietzsche＇s attitude to truth, and the question of how well he can carry through his project of affirming the individual on the basis of a creative reinterpretation of experience. I maintain that Novalis understands language and cognition to be tropic in a similar way as Nietzsche does, and that these writers provide similar critiques of discursive reason on the basis of what they view as its stultifying rigidity and misleading claims to a ＂literal＂ form of objectivity. However, I argue that Novalis avoids Nietzsche＇s difficulties by maintaining that a creative element in cognition does not rule out a variant of a correspondence notion of truth. Although Novalis＇ account thus falls foul of Nietzsche＇s goal of providing an immanent affirmation of human experience, the comparison shows that a Nietzschean attempt to provide a convincing model of individual self-affirmation should integrate a more positive role for trope, which can support a satisfying conception of the value of human creativity.展开更多
As foreign language teachers, we always wondered about the silence of our students during the lessons. However, after we started the project ＂Conversation Table in Portuguese＂ （CTP）, we realized that the students ...As foreign language teachers, we always wondered about the silence of our students during the lessons. However, after we started the project ＂Conversation Table in Portuguese＂ （CTP）, we realized that the students assumed a more active role during the interactions, probably due to the less hierarchical situation they were in. The CTP provided the students the opportunity to express themselves in a foreign language without the interdiction they felt inside the classroom. Within this new context, the lack of confidence they might have been facing when communicating in a foreign language started to disappear, giving place to a motivation to express what they felt in this ＂new＂ language. Therefore, the target language started to become a new locus, a new way that made them not feel scared, but free and curious to say things that they would not say in similar situations when communicating in their mother tongue. In other words, the foreign language can be the place where everything seems to be possible as we do not have the control or interdiction imposed by the social values presented in our society and manifested in our mother tongue. In this study, we analyze some discursive situations taken from a session of CTP in which the students show their new identities in the foreign language. The results show that acquiring another language is much more than acquiring new linguistic aspects of communication, but also giving birth to new identities that make us become new subjects.展开更多
In the eyes of humanists, the value of people is the most important. This view corresponds with modern education values and development direction, which has profound influence on university English teaching. It introd...In the eyes of humanists, the value of people is the most important. This view corresponds with modern education values and development direction, which has profound influence on university English teaching. It introduces humanism theory into language teaching field, and humanism emphasizes that language teaching is not only to teach language, but also to help students obtain their own development. This paper tries to take humanism as the perspective, talking about the current college English teaching, hoping to have a certain enlightening significance.展开更多
Syntactic expressions in different texts are varied. They are restricted by registers, which are reflected in three aspects： differences in spoken text and written text, narrative text and non-narrative text, childre...Syntactic expressions in different texts are varied. They are restricted by registers, which are reflected in three aspects： differences in spoken text and written text, narrative text and non-narrative text, children text and adults text. In another word, the external form of Chinese text is restricted by occasions and conditions in which the language is used. Chinese text characteristic is the foundation of text teaching as a second language, but the reserch about Chinese text is rather not enough. This paper has practical value for teaching Chinese as a second language展开更多
In art of the canvas, the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is one of the important behavior means of the canvas, have independent aesthetic value at the same time, contemporary, one that is with plural...In art of the canvas, the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is one of the important behavior means of the canvas, have independent aesthetic value at the same time, contemporary, one that is with pluralism, varied painting idea and painting skill and technique of art is great and abundant, traditional in the canvas works ＂ The brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy ＂ Already not merely can be spoken to the limit by the simple scribbling and wiping of pen, and Chinese comfortable brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy, technique of writing incorporate visual language and spiritual intension created that can enrich the picture greatly in the canvas is created. This text attempts to canvass the canvas and create the feasibility that incorporated into comfortable brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy and expansionary from two respect factors of cultural idea and skill and technique and tool material.展开更多
Nowadays, as the economy is soaring up with the course of globalization, all kinds of industries are full of acute and intense competitions. For the sake of benefits for companies, advertisements in English to promote...Nowadays, as the economy is soaring up with the course of globalization, all kinds of industries are full of acute and intense competitions. For the sake of benefits for companies, advertisements in English to promote the sale of goods are essential. Under this circumstance, advertisement is coming into being. Advertising English, as one of the members of advertisement family, has gradually got independence and separated from the common English after a long term development, which has great effects on the form of language itself. Definitely, this development needs more study as well. The advertising English has not only brought precious and vast commercial values to all walks of life, which can be proved in various examples, but also is provided with certain values for appreciation and language study. We all know that life lies in movement. Our familiar sports good industry is standing out particularly in this regard, such as a good and impressive advertisement. A resounding and impressive advertisement can leave people an unforgettable and indelible impression, which certainly will bring endless commercial benefits to this product and also help to establish a favorable brand image. Brand image, with its irreplaceable effects to companies, all starts with the advertising English as a small field of the big advertisement family, because the global communication between sport brands is most outstanding. By doing the research on sport English, we hope the general principles in advertising English canbe summarized and thus achieve the goal of putting English to the economy era to best make use of it.展开更多
It is argued in this paper that Chinese students' preference to reticence and American students' to eloquence in class are respectively reflections of the cultural values held by the two peoples. The purpose o...It is argued in this paper that Chinese students' preference to reticence and American students' to eloquence in class are respectively reflections of the cultural values held by the two peoples. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons for the differences in class participation between Chinese and American students from the perspective of cultural values. The learning behaviors of both Chinese and American students are described based on the author's observation and research. A questionnaire delivered to a number of Chinese and American students is then briefly analyzed. The paper focuses on five dimensions of contrastive values held by the Chinese and Americans, which lead to their different views about talk: high-context culture vs. low-context culture; harmony vs. confrontation; collectivism vs. individualism; obedience vs. aggression; face giving vs. facing saving.展开更多
文摘The issue of ＂headedness＂ is a product of Chomsky＇s （1988） notion of UG （Universal Grammar） that led to the development of a framework known as P＆P （Principles and Parameters） theory. It is this theory we have adopted for our analysis in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to examine the inconsistency in the value of Head Parameter with reference to the value of DP （determiner phrase） in Yorfib^i. As a native speaker of Yorfib~, the author has adopted an introspective method of data collection and used the intuitive knowledge of other native speakers of the language for necessary clarifications. Despite the fact that English and Yorfib~ are both head-initial, the structure of the NPs （noun phrases） in English shows that the head noun is always pre-modified, making the NP ＂head-final＂--a violation of the value of Head Parameter in the language. This necessitated the need for Abney＇s （1987） DP hypothesis; in which the determiner heads its own phrase, thereby making a NP in English head-initial. This solves the problem of Head Parameter in English. However, since nouns in Yor/lb^i are post-modified, adopting ＂DP-analysis＂ will automatically produce head-final--a violation of the value of Head Parameter in the language. Given the inconsistency in the specification of head-complement order among the noun phrases in English and Yorfib~, this paper proposes to set a parameter for SVO （Subject-Verb-Object） languages with pre-modification （like English） to adopt ＂DP-analysis＂, and those with post-modification （like Yorfib^t） to adopt ＂NP-analysis＂. This will ensure ＂head-initial＂ value for the two categories of SVO languages
基金support of National Social Science Foundation of China(Grant No.03CJL004)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.60074014).
文摘Linguistic-value appraisement extensively exists in artificial intelligence and social system. In the appraisement of enterprise human resource, there is a great amount of linguistic-value information. In order to improve the reasonability of the result of appraisement of enterprise human resource, we need to study the methods for processing the linguistic-value information. In this paper, a 2-stages method is proposed for processing the linguistic-value appraisement of enterprise human resource. At the first stage, we choose the experts familiar with the related field according to the appraisement goal and problem. At the second stage, we combine the appraisement results by D-S evidence theory or LOWA operator according to the nature of linguistic variable.
文摘This paper analyzes the role of six tropes （metonymy, synecdoche, metaphor, analogy, allegory, and irony） in Nietzsche＇s and Novalis＇ writings on language and cognition, using the comparison to show how a negative element in Nietzsche＇s attitude towards the tropic nature of cognition underlies well-known problems in his response to nihilism. These problems include ambiguities in Nietzsche＇s attitude to truth, and the question of how well he can carry through his project of affirming the individual on the basis of a creative reinterpretation of experience. I maintain that Novalis understands language and cognition to be tropic in a similar way as Nietzsche does, and that these writers provide similar critiques of discursive reason on the basis of what they view as its stultifying rigidity and misleading claims to a ＂literal＂ form of objectivity. However, I argue that Novalis avoids Nietzsche＇s difficulties by maintaining that a creative element in cognition does not rule out a variant of a correspondence notion of truth. Although Novalis＇ account thus falls foul of Nietzsche＇s goal of providing an immanent affirmation of human experience, the comparison shows that a Nietzschean attempt to provide a convincing model of individual self-affirmation should integrate a more positive role for trope, which can support a satisfying conception of the value of human creativity.
文摘As foreign language teachers, we always wondered about the silence of our students during the lessons. However, after we started the project ＂Conversation Table in Portuguese＂ （CTP）, we realized that the students assumed a more active role during the interactions, probably due to the less hierarchical situation they were in. The CTP provided the students the opportunity to express themselves in a foreign language without the interdiction they felt inside the classroom. Within this new context, the lack of confidence they might have been facing when communicating in a foreign language started to disappear, giving place to a motivation to express what they felt in this ＂new＂ language. Therefore, the target language started to become a new locus, a new way that made them not feel scared, but free and curious to say things that they would not say in similar situations when communicating in their mother tongue. In other words, the foreign language can be the place where everything seems to be possible as we do not have the control or interdiction imposed by the social values presented in our society and manifested in our mother tongue. In this study, we analyze some discursive situations taken from a session of CTP in which the students show their new identities in the foreign language. The results show that acquiring another language is much more than acquiring new linguistic aspects of communication, but also giving birth to new identities that make us become new subjects.
文摘In the eyes of humanists, the value of people is the most important. This view corresponds with modern education values and development direction, which has profound influence on university English teaching. It introduces humanism theory into language teaching field, and humanism emphasizes that language teaching is not only to teach language, but also to help students obtain their own development. This paper tries to take humanism as the perspective, talking about the current college English teaching, hoping to have a certain enlightening significance.
文摘Syntactic expressions in different texts are varied. They are restricted by registers, which are reflected in three aspects： differences in spoken text and written text, narrative text and non-narrative text, children text and adults text. In another word, the external form of Chinese text is restricted by occasions and conditions in which the language is used. Chinese text characteristic is the foundation of text teaching as a second language, but the reserch about Chinese text is rather not enough. This paper has practical value for teaching Chinese as a second language
文摘In art of the canvas, the brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy is one of the important behavior means of the canvas, have independent aesthetic value at the same time, contemporary, one that is with pluralism, varied painting idea and painting skill and technique of art is great and abundant, traditional in the canvas works ＂ The brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy ＂ Already not merely can be spoken to the limit by the simple scribbling and wiping of pen, and Chinese comfortable brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy, technique of writing incorporate visual language and spiritual intension created that can enrich the picture greatly in the canvas is created. This text attempts to canvass the canvas and create the feasibility that incorporated into comfortable brush stroke in Chinese painting and calligraphy and expansionary from two respect factors of cultural idea and skill and technique and tool material.
文摘Nowadays, as the economy is soaring up with the course of globalization, all kinds of industries are full of acute and intense competitions. For the sake of benefits for companies, advertisements in English to promote the sale of goods are essential. Under this circumstance, advertisement is coming into being. Advertising English, as one of the members of advertisement family, has gradually got independence and separated from the common English after a long term development, which has great effects on the form of language itself. Definitely, this development needs more study as well. The advertising English has not only brought precious and vast commercial values to all walks of life, which can be proved in various examples, but also is provided with certain values for appreciation and language study. We all know that life lies in movement. Our familiar sports good industry is standing out particularly in this regard, such as a good and impressive advertisement. A resounding and impressive advertisement can leave people an unforgettable and indelible impression, which certainly will bring endless commercial benefits to this product and also help to establish a favorable brand image. Brand image, with its irreplaceable effects to companies, all starts with the advertising English as a small field of the big advertisement family, because the global communication between sport brands is most outstanding. By doing the research on sport English, we hope the general principles in advertising English canbe summarized and thus achieve the goal of putting English to the economy era to best make use of it.
文摘It is argued in this paper that Chinese students' preference to reticence and American students' to eloquence in class are respectively reflections of the cultural values held by the two peoples. The purpose of this paper is to explore the reasons for the differences in class participation between Chinese and American students from the perspective of cultural values. The learning behaviors of both Chinese and American students are described based on the author's observation and research. A questionnaire delivered to a number of Chinese and American students is then briefly analyzed. The paper focuses on five dimensions of contrastive values held by the Chinese and Americans, which lead to their different views about talk: high-context culture vs. low-context culture; harmony vs. confrontation; collectivism vs. individualism; obedience vs. aggression; face giving vs. facing saving.
