口语交际中的言语距离

口语交际中存在着言语距离。交际双方的语音差异是造成言语距离的重要原因，也影响着人们的交际效果；表达者与接受者的言语经验、思想修养及文化态度等因素的差异也会导致双方的言语距离，并可能造成交际中的不良影响；接受者若在接受信息的过程中，介入了较强的主观色彩，则有可能使表达者输出的言语信息改值；在＂答非所问＂这样的口语交际中，又是接受者有意制造的言语距离，以此巧妙地达到自己的目的。

Multiple attribute decision making based on different types of linguistic information

Distance measures between exact linguistic variables and between uncertain linguistic variables are introduced respectively. Based on exact linguistic variables and uncertain linguistic variables, the concepts of positive linguistic ideal solution and negative linguistic ideal solution of attribute values are defined. To rank and select alternatives, based on the distance measures of two types of linguistic variables and the linguistic ideal solutions, a method for multiple attribute decision making with different types of linguistic information is proposed, by which all alternatives can be ranked. The method can carry out linguistic computation processes easily without loss of linguistic information, and thus makes the decision result reasonable and effective. Finally, the implementation process of the proposed method is illustrated and analyzed by a numerical example.

Nonverbal language in cross-cultural communication

All cultures make use of nonverbal communication but the meanings of nonverbal communication vary across cultures. Nonverbal communication may be as important to understand as words are, for it can cause misunderstandings between people from different cultures if they misinterpret nonverbal symbols. Nonverbal communication is largely beyond our conscious, and the system we learn is not determined by the genetic heritage but by the socio-cultural environment. The differences across cultures in nonverbal signals have been studied widely, because of the importance and necessity in communication .The paper mainly focuses on the differences related to body language, body space, body touch and paralanguage.

An Edge-Based Approach for Semantic Matchmaking of Service Capabilities

Semantic Web Services is an emerging technology that promises to enable dynamic, execution-time discovery, composition, and invocation of Web Services. Semantic matchmaking plays a vital role in the automated and dynamic discovery process of Semantic Web Services and consists in measuring the semantic distance between a requested service and an advertised one. In this paper, an innovative approach to effectively compute the semantic distance between Ontology Web Language for Services （OWL-S） annotated services is proposed. First, an edge-based method for measuring the semantic distance between Web Ontology Language （OWL） concepts is presented. Then, a comparison of the proposed measure and the one presented in a recent related work is made in order to show that our method is more efficient and fine-grained. Finally, some equations to compute semantic matchmaking of service capabilities, which are expressed in terms of inputs and outputs, are presented.

Effects of Social Relationships on People＇s Acceptance of Robots： Using Forms of Language by Robots

This study investigated the difference in the levels of people＇s acceptance of robots by the types of social relationships between humans and robots. In this study, social relationships between a robot and a person were categorized into four types consisted of two in the horizontal of social relationship （intimacy dimension） and two in the vertical of social relationship （status dimension）. In dialogue between humans and robots, the types of social relationship were adjusted by forms of language such as calling by name and speech styles. People＇s acceptance of robots was measured by people＇s comfortable approach distance to the robot. Participants showed greater acceptance of a robot when the robot called them by their names. In the case of speech style, participants accepted the robot which used honorific speech style without addressing them by their name, while they accepted the robot which used familiar speech style with addressing them by their name. There was an interaction effect between gender and calling by name.

The Applicability in Selection of American sitcoms as Materials for Teaching English listening and speaking

English Sitcoms are widely welcomed by teachers and students, but it has been debatable whether they are suitable for teaching material in English teaching. Though in these sitcoms spoken English with full-filled humor is the main feature, there is still a long distance between real and Actors＇ lines. Through English spoken feature, we take American popular long sitcom ＂Friends＂ and ＂Big Bang＂ as the example, combined the analysis of real spoken language in the sitcom in order to dig out the suitability when we need to select appropriate teaching material.

从呈现山水到妙悟禅机——迈克·奥康纳之《关于范宽的<谿山行旅图>(局部)》

半个多世纪以来,学界一般认为,范宽《谿山行旅图》表现了儒家的社会观或道家的自然观,《关于范宽的(谿山行旅图(局部)》一诗却体现了奥康纳对该画充满禅意的解读。本文以视觉及言语距离线索为分析工具,结合画中山水"三远"的视觉效果在诗歌文本中的呈现方式,对诗作进行文本细读,讨论本诗禅机之所在。分析发现,奥康纳读《谿山行旅图》,体会到"人间超尘之美",理通禅意,丰富了对画幅内容的既有理解,提供了另一种可能的阐释。

外语焦虑与语言学习困难因果指向论证

外语焦虑和二语学习困难的因果指向关系,一直是专家学者争论的焦点。本研究从言语距离(linguistic distance)角度出发,对108名中国学生和72名墨西哥学生英语课堂外语焦虑水平进行调查,结果发现中国英语学习者的外语焦虑水平高于墨西哥英语学习者。对外语焦虑的各个方面深入研究发现中国英语学习者的交际畏惧水平、负面评价恐惧水平和考试焦虑水平都比墨西哥英语学习者高,这与我们的假设相符。因此,得出结论:言语距离更远的二语学习者,在习得第二语言重置其第一语言的参数(parameter setting)以匹配第二语言特征时,编解码所付出更大的认知努力,可以导致更高程度的外语焦虑。也就是说,外语焦虑可能是更大的认知加工努力带来的语言学习困难造成的。