在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发...在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发明的可专利性问题,并在此基础上判决一项利用计算机实施的商业方法及相关计算机系统和存储媒介不具有可专利性。Mayo二步分析法为主题可专利性判断提供了一定的指引,但同时也遗留了很多问题。首先,Mayo二步分析法中"抽象概念"和"发明性概念"的范围不明确;其次,该二步分析法有将主题可专利性判断复杂化的倾向。对于利用计算机实施的发明来讲,美国专利商标局的可专利性审查标准、专利申请的撰写方式以及专利侵权诉讼的格局都将发生重大变化。美国联邦最高法院Alice判决对我国也有重要启示:对涉及计算机程序的发明的可专利性判断坚持"技术性"标准相对更具有可操作性;在涉及计算机程序的发明的专利保护问题上我国需要保持专利政策的灵活性。展开更多
The determination of carbon emission from foundation pit engineering is a tough and complex project owing to its characteristics including large material consumption,short use time,difficult recycling and no operation...The determination of carbon emission from foundation pit engineering is a tough and complex project owing to its characteristics including large material consumption,short use time,difficult recycling and no operation stage.To overcome these limitations,the calculation boundary and calculation method for carbon emission of foundation pit project are defined in this paper,which is successfully applied in the carbon emission analysis of the actual engineering project,i.e.the construction of large-scale foundation pit of Kunming comprehensive transportation international hub.All the carbon emissions coresponding to four working stages including building materials production,building materials transportation,construction and demolition were calculated and anatomized.The results revealed that the content of CO_(2) released in the stage of building materials production accounts for 89.3%of the total carbon emission,which means the amount of building materials consumed in the engineering project is the crucial factor to control the carbon emission.Besides,two kinds of carbon reduction measures,i.e.optimization design of support scheme and recycling waste materials of internal support demolition,were explored by analyzing the proportion and average value of carbon emission from different sub project of the support structure.A pronounced effect of carbon reduction was achieved.Furthermore,both a fast calculation method of carbon emission factor of unit work volume and general carbon reduction measures are proposed in this paper,which could provide a reference and new viewpoint for the engineers and designers to calculate and analyze the carbon emission and to take effective carbon reduction measures.展开更多
文摘在美国,利用计算机实施的发明的主题可专利性问题一直备受争议。2014年6月19日,美国联邦最高法院在Alice Corp.Pty.Ltd.v.CLS Bank Int’l判决中,明确指出应当适用"Mayo二步分析法"判断涉及自然规律、自然现象和抽象概念的发明的可专利性问题,并在此基础上判决一项利用计算机实施的商业方法及相关计算机系统和存储媒介不具有可专利性。Mayo二步分析法为主题可专利性判断提供了一定的指引,但同时也遗留了很多问题。首先,Mayo二步分析法中"抽象概念"和"发明性概念"的范围不明确;其次,该二步分析法有将主题可专利性判断复杂化的倾向。对于利用计算机实施的发明来讲,美国专利商标局的可专利性审查标准、专利申请的撰写方式以及专利侵权诉讼的格局都将发生重大变化。美国联邦最高法院Alice判决对我国也有重要启示:对涉及计算机程序的发明的可专利性判断坚持"技术性"标准相对更具有可操作性;在涉及计算机程序的发明的专利保护问题上我国需要保持专利政策的灵活性。
基金supported by Science and Technology Program of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development[2022-S-031]CSCEC1B Technical and Development Plan[Grant No.CSCEC1B-2021-33].
文摘The determination of carbon emission from foundation pit engineering is a tough and complex project owing to its characteristics including large material consumption,short use time,difficult recycling and no operation stage.To overcome these limitations,the calculation boundary and calculation method for carbon emission of foundation pit project are defined in this paper,which is successfully applied in the carbon emission analysis of the actual engineering project,i.e.the construction of large-scale foundation pit of Kunming comprehensive transportation international hub.All the carbon emissions coresponding to four working stages including building materials production,building materials transportation,construction and demolition were calculated and anatomized.The results revealed that the content of CO_(2) released in the stage of building materials production accounts for 89.3%of the total carbon emission,which means the amount of building materials consumed in the engineering project is the crucial factor to control the carbon emission.Besides,two kinds of carbon reduction measures,i.e.optimization design of support scheme and recycling waste materials of internal support demolition,were explored by analyzing the proportion and average value of carbon emission from different sub project of the support structure.A pronounced effect of carbon reduction was achieved.Furthermore,both a fast calculation method of carbon emission factor of unit work volume and general carbon reduction measures are proposed in this paper,which could provide a reference and new viewpoint for the engineers and designers to calculate and analyze the carbon emission and to take effective carbon reduction measures.
