计算-表征认知理论的认知语境分析

科学是一种认知现象,是在其认知语境中产生的。本文以认知科学的中心假说——心智的计算-表征理解(CRUM)作为“文本”,对其进行语境分析,提出“认知语境”的概念,揭示了CRUM的认知语境结构及其工作机制,并对CRUM的认知语境作了进一步扩展与补充。

超越表征和计算:生成认知范式理论研究

当前,心理学界出现了对以表征、计算为主要特征的传统认知范式的批判和挑战,其中生成认知范式是最为彻底、最具革命性的。因此,应该有机整合4E认知理论,实现对传统认知范式当中离身认知身心关系论、实验室研究定位、表征认知本质观、信息加工认知机制、"亚人"层次研究水平的彻底转向。生成认知范式致力于研究人的经验,提出调和人文科学和自然科学的方法论主张。目前,该范式已经发展出瓦雷拉自创生、诺伊感觉运动、赫托激进化、德耶格交互生成四种具有代表性的研究方案。文章对生成认知范式的是非功过进行了评述,认为未来还应该摈弃蕴含于此范式当中非此即彼的二歧思维,厘清研究中理论与实践的关系,建立更适于人的特有本质的研究方式,以推动心理学理论的健康发展。

重勘认知的具身性--基于人工智能和脑机接口的再考察

作为第二代认知科学的代表,具身认知在批判计算-表征进路为代表的第一代认知科学中取得了巨大的成功,但遗留了若干重要问题有待更深入的思考,如“所有的认知都是具身的吗?”“具身”所指的“身体”究竟是什么?如果身体仅指人的身体,也有“身心统一体”“脑-身整体”和“脑之外的肢体”之别,这些不同的身体所指使得具身认知的意蕴也各不相同;而身体如果不仅指人的身体,还包括“人工身体”的话,具身认知的含义更要随之扩展。对具身认知的进一步深入考察启示我们需要寻求两代认知科学的互补与整合,以期更加有效地推进对人类认知机制和本质的全面把握。

Recent advances in micro-alloyed wrought magnesium alloys:Theory and design

Micro-alloying design of wrought magnesium(Mg) alloys is an important strategy to achieve high mechanical properties at a low cost. In the last two decades, significant progress has been made from both theory and experiment. In the present review, we try to summarize recent advances in micro-alloying design of wrought Mg alloys from both theoretical and pragmatic perspectives, and provide fundamental data required for establishing the relationship between chemical composition and mechanical properties of Mg alloys. We start with theoretical attempts for understanding the mechanical properties of Mg alloys at different scales, by involving first principle calculations,molecular dynamics, cellular automata, and crystal plasticity. Then, the role of alloying elements is discussed for a series of promising Mg alloys such as Mg-Al, Mg-Zn, Mg-RE(rare-earth element), Mg-Sn, and Mg-Ca families.Potential challenges in the micro-alloying design of Mg alloys are highlighted at the end. The review is expected to provide helpful guidance for the intelligent design of novel wrought Mg alloys and inspire more innovative ideas in this field.

Breaking process and mining stress evolution characteristics of a high-position hard and thick stratum

Based on the boundary support conditions of overlying high-position,hard and thick strata,a Winkler foundation beam mechanical model was built.Computational expressions for the characteristics and position of the bending moment for high-position,hard and thick strata were constructed by theoretical analysis,and the initial breaking position of high-position,hard and thick strata was also analyzed.The breaking process and evolution law of mining stress in high-position,hard and thick strata were studied by similar material simulation tests.Studies show that:due to the foundation deformation effect of the lower strata,the initial break position in high-position,hard thick layers is in the middle of goaf;vertical tension fractures first occur under the middle surface,then tilt tension fractures form at both sides and a non-uniform thickness of the fracture structure forms and produces subsidence deformation;behind the coal wall tilt fractures extend and eventually complete the migration.Mining stress produces obvious changes before and after the breakage of the high,hard and thick stratum;high stress concentration forms in front of the coal wall before breakage and fracture stress concentration significantly reduces after migration.Coal seam mining under high-position,hard thick strata can easily induce dynamic phenomena.

A flower image retrieval method based on ROI feature

Flower image retrieval is a very important step for computer-aided plant species recognition. In this paper, we propose an efficient segmentation method based on color clustering and domain knowledge to extract flower regions from flower images. For flower retrieval, we use the color histogram of a flower region to characterize the color features of flower and two shape-based features sets, Centroid-Contour Distance (CCD) and Angle Code Histogram (ACH), to characterize the shape features of a flower contour. Experimental results showed that our flower region extraction method based on color clustering and domain knowledge can produce accurate flower regions. Flower retrieval results on a database of 885 flower images collected from 14 plant species showed that our Region-of-Interest (ROI) based retrieval approach using both color and shape features can perform better than a method based on the global color histogram proposed by Swain and Ballard (1991) and a method based on domain knowledge-driven segmentation and color names proposed by Das et al.(1999).

Wear Debris Identification Using Feature Extraction and Neural Network

A method and results of identification of wear debris using their morphological features are presented. The color images of wear debris were used as initial data. Each particle was characterized by a set of numerical parameters combined by its shape, color and surface texture features through a computer vision system. Those features were used as input vector of artificial neural network for wear debris identification. A radius basis function (RBF) network based model suitable for wear debris recognition was established, and its algorithm was presented in detail. Compared with traditional recognition methods, the RBF network model is faster in convergence, and higher in accuracy.

Quantum computational advantage via 60-qubit 24-cycle random circuit sampling

To ensure a long-term quantum computational advantage,the quantum hardware should be upgraded to withstand the competition of continuously improved classical algorithms and hardwares.Here,we demonstrate a superconducting quantum computing systems Zuchongzhi 2.1,which has 66 qubits in a two-dimensional array in a tunable coupler architecture.The readout fidelity of Zuchongzhi 2.1 is considerably improved to an average of 97.74%.The more powerful quantum processor enables us to achieve larger-scale random quantum circuit sampling,with a system scale of up to 60 qubits and 24 cycles,and fidelity of FXEB=(3·66±0·345)×10^(-4).The achieved sampling task is about 6 orders of magnitude more difficult than that of Sycamore[Nature 574,505(2019)]in the classic simulation,and 3 orders of magnitude more difficult than the sampling task on Zuchongzhi 2.0[arXiv:2106.14734(2021)].The time consumption of classically simulating random circuit sampling experiment using state-of-the-art classical algorithm and supercomputer is extended to tens of thousands of years(about 4·8×104years),while Zuchongzhi 2.1 only takes about 4.2 h,thereby significantly enhancing the quantum computational advantage.

A relaxation scheme for a multi-class Lighthill-Whitham-Richards traffic flow model

We present a high-resolution relaxation scheme for a multi-class Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (MCLWR) traffic flow model. This scheme is based on high-order reconstruction for spatial discretization and an implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta method for time integration. The resulting method retains the simplicity of the relaxation schemes. There is no need to involve Riemann solvers and characteristic decomposition. Even the computation of the eigenvalues is not required. This makes the scheme particularly well suited for the MCLWR model in which the analytical expressions of the eigenvalues are difficult to obtain for more than four classes of road users. The numerical results illustrate the effectiveness of the presented method.

Synthesis and characterization of MH···HOR dihydrogen bonded ruthenium and osmium complexes（η~5-C_5H_4CH_2OH）MH（PPh_3）_2（M = Ru, Os）

Treatment of RuCl2(PPh3)3 with 6-dimethylaminopentafulvene in THF in the presence of water produced(η5-C5H4CHO) RuCl(PPh3)2, which was reduced by NaBH4 to give the Ru–H···HO dihydrogen bonded complex(η5-C5H4CH2OH) RuH(PPh3)2. The dihydrogen bonded complex(η5-C5H4CH2OH)RuH(PPh3)2 could also be synthesized by the reduction of complex(η5-C5H4CHO)RuH(PPh3)2, which was obtained by the reaction of RuHCl(PPh3)3 with 6-dimethylaminopentafulvene in the presence of water. The analogous dihydrogen bonded osmium complex(η5-C5H4CH2OH)OsH(PPh3)2 was similarly prepared. Single crystal structures and DFT calculations support the presence of intra-molecular H···H interaction, with separations of around 1.9 to 2.0 .