The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong a...The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong and Hubei). The carbon emissions accounting method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate the actual CO2 and the support vector machine model was used to predict CO2. Chinese carbon reduction policies abated CO2 in the six carbon trading pilot schemes after the comprehensive policies came into force. However, the contribution of policies to CO2 abatement varied among regions, and the effect of carbon reduction policy on municipality pilot schemes was greater than on provincial pilot schemes. The largest contribution of carbon reduction policy to CO2 abatement was 28.3%, for the pilot carbon trading scheme in Beijing, and the smallest contribution was 3.7%, for that in Hubei. It is crucial to consider "carbon leakage" and a carbon trading linking program in order to evaluate the effects of carbon reduction policies.展开更多
In this study, the statistical powers of Kolmogorov-Smimov two-sample （KS-2） and Wald Wolfowitz （WW） tests, non-parametric tests used in testing data from two independent samples, have been compared in terms of fi...In this study, the statistical powers of Kolmogorov-Smimov two-sample （KS-2） and Wald Wolfowitz （WW） tests, non-parametric tests used in testing data from two independent samples, have been compared in terms of fixed skewness and fixed kurtosis by means of Monte Carlo simulation. This comparison has been made when the ratio of variance is two as well as with equal and different sample sizes for large sample volumes. The sample used in the study is： （25, 25）, （25, 50）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, （50, 25）, （50, 50）, （50, 75）, （50, 100）, （75, 25）, （75, 50）, （75, 75）, （75, 100）, （100, 25）, （100, 50）, （100, 75）, and （100, 100）. According to the results of the study, it has been observed that the statistical power of both tests decreases when the coefficient of kurtosis is held fixed and the coefficient of skewness is reduced while it increases when the coefficient of skewness is held fixed and the coefficient of kurtosis is reduced. When the ratio of skewness is reduced in the case of fixed kurtosis, the WW test is stronger in sample volumes （25, 25）, （25, 50）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, （50, 75）, and （50, 100） while KS-2 test is stronger in other sample volumes. When the ratio of kurtosis is reduced in the case of fixed skewness, the statistical power of WW test is stronger in volume samples （25, 25）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, and （75, 25） while KS-2 test is stronger in other sample volumes.展开更多
The clinical trial based on the likelihood ratio test has many preferred statistical properties such as asymptotic and self-adaptive properties. Along with the constant MCID （minimum clinical important difference）, ...The clinical trial based on the likelihood ratio test has many preferred statistical properties such as asymptotic and self-adaptive properties. Along with the constant MCID （minimum clinical important difference）, the conventional trial outcomes can be expanded into the strict, aggressive and conservative outcomes; it makes the interpretations of trial conclusion more flexible. Besides, it will show that the trial goal and trial outcome are different concept. The trial goal switching is not a statistical issue, but a clinical decision.展开更多
This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptoti...This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptotic distribution as well as its consistency are established. In order to estimate the change points, the authors propose a two step estimate approach. Simulations illustrate the performance of the test and estimate procedures in finite samples. An application to the analysis of Sweden/US foreign exchange rate demonstrates the validity of the procedure in practice.展开更多
The empirical likelihood approach is suggested to the pretest-posttest trial based on the constrains, which we construct to summarize all the given information. The author obtains a log-empirical likelihood ratio test...The empirical likelihood approach is suggested to the pretest-posttest trial based on the constrains, which we construct to summarize all the given information. The author obtains a log-empirical likelihood ratio test statistic that has a standard chi-squared limiting distribution. Thus, in making inferences, there is no need to estimate variance explicitly, and inferential procedures are easier to implement. Simulation results show that the approach of this paper is more efficient compared with ANCOVA II due to the sufficient and appropriate use of information.展开更多
基金jointly supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(Grant No.2012CB9557001)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41175125)
文摘The contributions of carbon reduction policies were evaluated and compared for six carbon trading pilot schemes in China, in four municipalities(Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, and Chongqing) and two provinces(Guangdong and Hubei). The carbon emissions accounting method of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change was used to calculate the actual CO2 and the support vector machine model was used to predict CO2. Chinese carbon reduction policies abated CO2 in the six carbon trading pilot schemes after the comprehensive policies came into force. However, the contribution of policies to CO2 abatement varied among regions, and the effect of carbon reduction policy on municipality pilot schemes was greater than on provincial pilot schemes. The largest contribution of carbon reduction policy to CO2 abatement was 28.3%, for the pilot carbon trading scheme in Beijing, and the smallest contribution was 3.7%, for that in Hubei. It is crucial to consider "carbon leakage" and a carbon trading linking program in order to evaluate the effects of carbon reduction policies.
文摘In this study, the statistical powers of Kolmogorov-Smimov two-sample （KS-2） and Wald Wolfowitz （WW） tests, non-parametric tests used in testing data from two independent samples, have been compared in terms of fixed skewness and fixed kurtosis by means of Monte Carlo simulation. This comparison has been made when the ratio of variance is two as well as with equal and different sample sizes for large sample volumes. The sample used in the study is： （25, 25）, （25, 50）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, （50, 25）, （50, 50）, （50, 75）, （50, 100）, （75, 25）, （75, 50）, （75, 75）, （75, 100）, （100, 25）, （100, 50）, （100, 75）, and （100, 100）. According to the results of the study, it has been observed that the statistical power of both tests decreases when the coefficient of kurtosis is held fixed and the coefficient of skewness is reduced while it increases when the coefficient of skewness is held fixed and the coefficient of kurtosis is reduced. When the ratio of skewness is reduced in the case of fixed kurtosis, the WW test is stronger in sample volumes （25, 25）, （25, 50）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, （50, 75）, and （50, 100） while KS-2 test is stronger in other sample volumes. When the ratio of kurtosis is reduced in the case of fixed skewness, the statistical power of WW test is stronger in volume samples （25, 25）, （25, 75）, （25, 100）, and （75, 25） while KS-2 test is stronger in other sample volumes.
文摘The clinical trial based on the likelihood ratio test has many preferred statistical properties such as asymptotic and self-adaptive properties. Along with the constant MCID （minimum clinical important difference）, the conventional trial outcomes can be expanded into the strict, aggressive and conservative outcomes; it makes the interpretations of trial conclusion more flexible. Besides, it will show that the trial goal and trial outcome are different concept. The trial goal switching is not a statistical issue, but a clinical decision.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos.61065009 and 60972150
文摘This paper proposes a moving ratio test, which is a modified version of ratio test by involving a bandwidth parameter, to detect multiple changes in persistence, and to determine the direction of switch. The asymptotic distribution as well as its consistency are established. In order to estimate the change points, the authors propose a two step estimate approach. Simulations illustrate the performance of the test and estimate procedures in finite samples. An application to the analysis of Sweden/US foreign exchange rate demonstrates the validity of the procedure in practice.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10971033)
文摘The empirical likelihood approach is suggested to the pretest-posttest trial based on the constrains, which we construct to summarize all the given information. The author obtains a log-empirical likelihood ratio test statistic that has a standard chi-squared limiting distribution. Thus, in making inferences, there is no need to estimate variance explicitly, and inferential procedures are easier to implement. Simulation results show that the approach of this paper is more efficient compared with ANCOVA II due to the sufficient and appropriate use of information.
