Sperber ＆ Wilson point out the cognitive nature of context when they explicate relevance theory. Cognitive context exerts its function dynamically. The process of communication is the participation of cognitive conte...Sperber ＆ Wilson point out the cognitive nature of context when they explicate relevance theory. Cognitive context exerts its function dynamically. The process of communication is the participation of cognitive context. Without cognitive context, the verbal communication can not be realized.展开更多
This article reviewed the beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise on brain health according to the studies on humans and animals, which includes improving psychological status and cognitive function...This article reviewed the beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise on brain health according to the studies on humans and animals, which includes improving psychological status and cognitive function, enhancing psychological well-being, decreasing the risks of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） and dementia, and promoting the effects of antidepressant and anxiolytic. The possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms are involved up-active and down-active pathways. The up-active pathway is associated with enhancements of several neurotransmitters systems afferent to hippocampus, including norepinephrine （NE）, serotonin （5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT）, acetylcholine （ACh） and γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA）. The down-active pathway is mainly concerned with up-regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and neurogenesis. It is suggested that NE activation via β-adrenergic receptors may be essential for exercise-induced BDNF up-regulation. The possible intracellular signaling pathways of NE-mediated BDNF up-expression may be involved in GPCR-MAPK-PI-3K crosstalk and positive feedback.展开更多
Objectives Non-invasive and low-cost virtual reality(VR)technology is important for early evaluation and intervention in mild cognitive impairment(MCI).This study aimed to demonstrate the current status of overseas an...Objectives Non-invasive and low-cost virtual reality(VR)technology is important for early evaluation and intervention in mild cognitive impairment(MCI).This study aimed to demonstrate the current status of overseas and domestic research as well as the focus and frontier of VR technology among individuals with MCI through a bibliometric analysis.Methods Studies from the core collection of Web of Science™between 1995 and 2020 were used;furthermore,CiteSpace 5.7 R3 was utilized to analyse information on authors/cited authors,keywords,burst words,and cited references.Results In total,230 publications were identified.Most studies were published in the USA(45 publications)and Italy(41 publications),where Guiseppe Riva ranks first(14 publications),and Tarnanas I is the author with the highest centrality(0.44).The hot topics in VR applications in the MCI population are‘physical activity,’‘people,’‘single-blind,’‘disease,’‘walking,’‘technology,’‘working memory,’and‘risk’in recent years.The keyword‘mild cognitive impairment’has attracted extensive attention since 2012,showing the strongest citation outbreak(8.28).The clustering results of the literature show the research types and emerging trends,including‘exergame,’‘serious games,’‘spatial navigation,’‘activities of daily living,’‘exercise,’‘enriched environment’and‘wayfinding.‘Conclusions Cognitive assessment and nonpharmacological intervention research on patients with MCI have become the focus of dementia prevention in recent years.Virtual technology,combined with traditional methods such as exercise therapy,provides new ideas for innovative cognitive evaluation and cognitive intervention.展开更多
The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings ...The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.展开更多
Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically,...Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods： We compared mean effect sizes for threshold studies and for those studies where exercise intensity was classed as moderate （40%-- 79% VO2 or equivalent） but in which the thresholds were not measured. Results： Random effects meta-analysis showed significant, moderate, mean effect sizes for studies at the threshold （g = 0.58, Z = 2.98, p 〈 0.003） and for those during moderate intensity exercise but in which the threshold was not measured （ g = 0.54, Z = 5.0l, p 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes, which suggests that the thresholds are unlikely to represent a trigger point. Conclusion： Moderate intensity exercise, even below the thresholds, can induce improved speed of cognition, possibly due to a combination of increased peripheral catecholamine concentrations inducing vagal/nucleus tractus solitarii pathway activation and central increases due to perceptions of stress.展开更多
Background： Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is a common childhood disorder that affects approximately 11% of children in the United States. Research supports that a single session of exercise benefi...Background： Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is a common childhood disorder that affects approximately 11% of children in the United States. Research supports that a single session of exercise benefits cognitive performance by children, and a limited number of studies have demonstrated that these effects can also be realized by children with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance by children with and without ADHD. Methods： Children with and without ADHD were asked to perform cognitive tasks on 2 days following treatment conditions that were assigned in a random, counterbalanced order. The treatment conditions consisted of a 30-min control condition on 1 day and a moderate intensity exercise condition on the other day. Results： Exercise significantly benefited performance on all three conditions of the Stroop Task, but did not significantly affect performance on the Tower of London or the Trail Making Test. Conclusion： children with and without ADHD realize benefits in speed of processing and inhibitory control in response to a session of acute exercise, but do not experience benefits in planning or set shifting.展开更多
Definitive conclusions concerning the impact of exercise interventions on children＇s mental functioning are difficult to ascertain because of procedural differences among studies. A narrative review of studies was co...Definitive conclusions concerning the impact of exercise interventions on children＇s mental functioning are difficult to ascertain because of procedural differences among studies. A narrative review of studies was conducted to evaluate the role of two types of exercise interventions on children＇s cognition. Acute and chronic exercise interventions were classified as quantitative or qualitative on the basis of manipulations of task complexity and, by inference, mental engagement. Both types of interventions enhance aspects of children＇s cognition; however, their effects on metacognitive processes are unknown. The role of metacognitive processes and their regulation of children＇s behavior and academic performance are highlighted.展开更多
To the Editor I have read the article entitled ＂Cognitive function and adherence to antieoagulation treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation＂ by Jankowska-Polafiska, et al., with great interest. The investigat...To the Editor I have read the article entitled ＂Cognitive function and adherence to antieoagulation treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation＂ by Jankowska-Polafiska, et al., with great interest. The investigators reported that cognitive impairment is an independent determinant of compliance with pharmacological therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation （AF）.展开更多
The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the d...The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the distinctive characteristics of scientific observation and knowing. Horizon is a key factor that facilitates the cognitive subject to select objects and their backgrounds. In order to make new accomplishment in scientific discoveries, it is essential to broaden the horizon and intzoduce new cognitive instrumentalities and methods. This requires people to be adept at finding out the limitations of their thinking and overcome them consciously. Conscious horizon expansion is essential to the integration of intuition and logical thinking process in scientific cognitive activities, as well as to the establishment of the essential connection/relation between different disciplines and research fields, prompting inter-disciplinary communication and producing methods of thinking. This article is an attempt to explore the significance of horizon for scientific cognition. As we will show, by integrating intuitive thinking and logical thinking through the expansion of horizon, a new cognitive model will be provided.展开更多
Reading strategies are different from identifying the words, but a kind of metacognitive activity based on the monitoring mode. This paper will explore Chinese English learners＇ text reading strategies according to t...Reading strategies are different from identifying the words, but a kind of metacognitive activity based on the monitoring mode. This paper will explore Chinese English learners＇ text reading strategies according to the cognitive process of the reading, hoping for providing some suggestions and references for Chinese college students to learn English well and improve the text reading ability.展开更多
A best evidence topic was devised in light of a structured protocol. What is the advantage of （minl＂mally invasive） approach in （frail patients） undergoing （aortic valve replacement）？ In cardiac outpatient cl...A best evidence topic was devised in light of a structured protocol. What is the advantage of （minl＂mally invasive） approach in （frail patients） undergoing （aortic valve replacement）？ In cardiac outpatient clinic you review an 85-year old male with severe aortic valve stenosis, low left ventricular ejection fraction and creatinine clearance of less than 50 mL/min. Other comorbidities include treated pulmonary hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, marked limitation of ordinary physical activity and depression. You resolve to determine whether to recommend mim＇mally invasive or conventional aortic valve replacement （AVR） or transcathe- ter aortic valve implantation （TAVI）, however you are not sure of the differences of the impact of frailty on preopera- tive risk for each approach; hence you investigate the best evidence on the topic.展开更多
Objective: To clarify the firing characteristics of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and in-terneurons in the auditory discrimination cognition. Methods: Thirteen guinea pigs were studied by the paired (active cognitio...Objective: To clarify the firing characteristics of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and in-terneurons in the auditory discrimination cognition. Methods: Thirteen guinea pigs were studied by the paired (active cognition group. n=10) or unpaired (passive cognition group. n = 3) training with 1 kHz (CS+)and 500 Hz tones (CS- ) and the air puff (US) applied 250 ms after the CS+ onset. Results: In active group. 32 pyramidal cells showed exciting response to the CS+ tone. 16 cells inhibited response and 4 cells revealed no response to the high frequency tone and 18 interneurons almost unchanged. In passive group, the pyramidal cells responded to the tone casually and 10 out of the 13 interneurons remained invariably. Conclusion: The result suggests that the pyramidal cells play a major role in coding auditory information by the networks, and the interneuons may modulate it via forward and feedback.展开更多
文摘Sperber ＆ Wilson point out the cognitive nature of context when they explicate relevance theory. Cognitive context exerts its function dynamically. The process of communication is the participation of cognitive context. Without cognitive context, the verbal communication can not be realized.
基金the National Natural Science Fundation of China (No. 30570895,No. 30700389)
文摘This article reviewed the beneficial effects of moderate voluntary physical exercise on brain health according to the studies on humans and animals, which includes improving psychological status and cognitive function, enhancing psychological well-being, decreasing the risks of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） and dementia, and promoting the effects of antidepressant and anxiolytic. The possible underlying neurobiological mechanisms are involved up-active and down-active pathways. The up-active pathway is associated with enhancements of several neurotransmitters systems afferent to hippocampus, including norepinephrine （NE）, serotonin （5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT）, acetylcholine （ACh） and γ-aminobutyric acid （GABA）. The down-active pathway is mainly concerned with up-regulation of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor （BDNF） and neurogenesis. It is suggested that NE activation via β-adrenergic receptors may be essential for exercise-induced BDNF up-regulation. The possible intracellular signaling pathways of NE-mediated BDNF up-expression may be involved in GPCR-MAPK-PI-3K crosstalk and positive feedback.
基金This study was funded by the Medical Innovation Project of Fujian Province,China(2020CXA002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82071222).
文摘Objectives Non-invasive and low-cost virtual reality(VR)technology is important for early evaluation and intervention in mild cognitive impairment(MCI).This study aimed to demonstrate the current status of overseas and domestic research as well as the focus and frontier of VR technology among individuals with MCI through a bibliometric analysis.Methods Studies from the core collection of Web of Science™between 1995 and 2020 were used;furthermore,CiteSpace 5.7 R3 was utilized to analyse information on authors/cited authors,keywords,burst words,and cited references.Results In total,230 publications were identified.Most studies were published in the USA(45 publications)and Italy(41 publications),where Guiseppe Riva ranks first(14 publications),and Tarnanas I is the author with the highest centrality(0.44).The hot topics in VR applications in the MCI population are‘physical activity,’‘people,’‘single-blind,’‘disease,’‘walking,’‘technology,’‘working memory,’and‘risk’in recent years.The keyword‘mild cognitive impairment’has attracted extensive attention since 2012,showing the strongest citation outbreak(8.28).The clustering results of the literature show the research types and emerging trends,including‘exergame,’‘serious games,’‘spatial navigation,’‘activities of daily living,’‘exercise,’‘enriched environment’and‘wayfinding.‘Conclusions Cognitive assessment and nonpharmacological intervention research on patients with MCI have become the focus of dementia prevention in recent years.Virtual technology,combined with traditional methods such as exercise therapy,provides new ideas for innovative cognitive evaluation and cognitive intervention.
文摘The literature shows that improvements in cognitive performance may be observed following an acute bout of exercise. However, evidence in support of the biological mechanisms of this effect is still limited. Findings from both rodent and human studies suggest brain-derived neu- rotrophic factor （BDNF） as a potential mechanism of the effect of acute exercise on memory. The molecular properties of BDNF allow this protein to be assessed in the periphery （pBDNF） （i.e., blood serum, blood plasma）, making measurements of acute exercise-induced changes in BDNF concentration relatively accessible. Studies exploring the acute exercise--pBDNF--cognitive performance relationship have had mixed findings, but this may be more reflective of methodological differences between studies than it is a statement about the role of BDNE For example, significant associations have been observed between acute exercise-induced changes in pBDNF concentration and cognitive performance in studies assessing memory, and non-significant associations have been found in studies assessing non-memory cognitive domains. Three suggestions are made for future research aimed at understanding the role of BDNF as a biological mechanism of this relationship： 1） Assessments of cognitive performance may benefit from a focus on various types of memory （e.g., relational, spatial, long-term）; 2） More finegrained measurements of pBDNF will allow for the assessment of concentrations of specific isoforms of the BDNF protein （i.e., immature, mature）; 3） Statistical techniques designed to test the mediating role of pBDNF in the acute exercise-cognitive performance relationship should be utilized in order to make causal inferences.
文摘Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods： We compared mean effect sizes for threshold studies and for those studies where exercise intensity was classed as moderate （40%-- 79% VO2 or equivalent） but in which the thresholds were not measured. Results： Random effects meta-analysis showed significant, moderate, mean effect sizes for studies at the threshold （g = 0.58, Z = 2.98, p 〈 0.003） and for those during moderate intensity exercise but in which the threshold was not measured （ g = 0.54, Z = 5.0l, p 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes, which suggests that the thresholds are unlikely to represent a trigger point. Conclusion： Moderate intensity exercise, even below the thresholds, can induce improved speed of cognition, possibly due to a combination of increased peripheral catecholamine concentrations inducing vagal/nucleus tractus solitarii pathway activation and central increases due to perceptions of stress.
文摘Background： Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder （ADHD） is a common childhood disorder that affects approximately 11% of children in the United States. Research supports that a single session of exercise benefits cognitive performance by children, and a limited number of studies have demonstrated that these effects can also be realized by children with ADHD. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of acute exercise on cognitive performance by children with and without ADHD. Methods： Children with and without ADHD were asked to perform cognitive tasks on 2 days following treatment conditions that were assigned in a random, counterbalanced order. The treatment conditions consisted of a 30-min control condition on 1 day and a moderate intensity exercise condition on the other day. Results： Exercise significantly benefited performance on all three conditions of the Stroop Task, but did not significantly affect performance on the Tower of London or the Trail Making Test. Conclusion： children with and without ADHD realize benefits in speed of processing and inhibitory control in response to a session of acute exercise, but do not experience benefits in planning or set shifting.
文摘Definitive conclusions concerning the impact of exercise interventions on children＇s mental functioning are difficult to ascertain because of procedural differences among studies. A narrative review of studies was conducted to evaluate the role of two types of exercise interventions on children＇s cognition. Acute and chronic exercise interventions were classified as quantitative or qualitative on the basis of manipulations of task complexity and, by inference, mental engagement. Both types of interventions enhance aspects of children＇s cognition; however, their effects on metacognitive processes are unknown. The role of metacognitive processes and their regulation of children＇s behavior and academic performance are highlighted.
文摘To the Editor I have read the article entitled ＂Cognitive function and adherence to antieoagulation treatment in patients with atrial fibrillation＂ by Jankowska-Polafiska, et al., with great interest. The investigators reported that cognitive impairment is an independent determinant of compliance with pharmacological therapy in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation （AF）.
文摘The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the distinctive characteristics of scientific observation and knowing. Horizon is a key factor that facilitates the cognitive subject to select objects and their backgrounds. In order to make new accomplishment in scientific discoveries, it is essential to broaden the horizon and intzoduce new cognitive instrumentalities and methods. This requires people to be adept at finding out the limitations of their thinking and overcome them consciously. Conscious horizon expansion is essential to the integration of intuition and logical thinking process in scientific cognitive activities, as well as to the establishment of the essential connection/relation between different disciplines and research fields, prompting inter-disciplinary communication and producing methods of thinking. This article is an attempt to explore the significance of horizon for scientific cognition. As we will show, by integrating intuitive thinking and logical thinking through the expansion of horizon, a new cognitive model will be provided.
文摘Reading strategies are different from identifying the words, but a kind of metacognitive activity based on the monitoring mode. This paper will explore Chinese English learners＇ text reading strategies according to the cognitive process of the reading, hoping for providing some suggestions and references for Chinese college students to learn English well and improve the text reading ability.
文摘A best evidence topic was devised in light of a structured protocol. What is the advantage of （minl＂mally invasive） approach in （frail patients） undergoing （aortic valve replacement）？ In cardiac outpatient clinic you review an 85-year old male with severe aortic valve stenosis, low left ventricular ejection fraction and creatinine clearance of less than 50 mL/min. Other comorbidities include treated pulmonary hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, marked limitation of ordinary physical activity and depression. You resolve to determine whether to recommend mim＇mally invasive or conventional aortic valve replacement （AVR） or transcathe- ter aortic valve implantation （TAVI）, however you are not sure of the differences of the impact of frailty on preopera- tive risk for each approach; hence you investigate the best evidence on the topic.
文摘Objective: To clarify the firing characteristics of the hippocampal pyramidal cells and in-terneurons in the auditory discrimination cognition. Methods: Thirteen guinea pigs were studied by the paired (active cognition group. n=10) or unpaired (passive cognition group. n = 3) training with 1 kHz (CS+)and 500 Hz tones (CS- ) and the air puff (US) applied 250 ms after the CS+ onset. Results: In active group. 32 pyramidal cells showed exciting response to the CS+ tone. 16 cells inhibited response and 4 cells revealed no response to the high frequency tone and 18 interneurons almost unchanged. In passive group, the pyramidal cells responded to the tone casually and 10 out of the 13 interneurons remained invariably. Conclusion: The result suggests that the pyramidal cells play a major role in coding auditory information by the networks, and the interneuons may modulate it via forward and feedback.
