Affect plays a significant role in college English teaching and learning, in which teachers, learners, tasks and contexts or environments interact with each other, developing a system of affective interaction. In the ...Affect plays a significant role in college English teaching and learning, in which teachers, learners, tasks and contexts or environments interact with each other, developing a system of affective interaction. In the system, the teacher is a facilitator and mediator and the learner is the subject of English learning. In a harmonious and friendly classroom environment, with the knowledge transmission blending in well with the cultivation of affect, attitudes and values, students＇ cognitive and emotional development can be promoted. The experimental results of the present study indicated that students in the affective college English classroom did significantly better （p〈 .05） in cognition than before. Furthermore, the analyses of the two surveys showed that attention to affective interaction in college English teaching helped students enhance their interest in college English learning, cross-cultural awareness, self-confidence, interpersonal intelligence, and so forth. Therefore, our conclusion is that attention to affective interaction in college English classroom teaching is conducive to students＇ personal growth and a more holistic development.展开更多
This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit po...This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.展开更多
Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically,...Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods： We compared mean effect sizes for threshold studies and for those studies where exercise intensity was classed as moderate （40%-- 79% VO2 or equivalent） but in which the thresholds were not measured. Results： Random effects meta-analysis showed significant, moderate, mean effect sizes for studies at the threshold （g = 0.58, Z = 2.98, p 〈 0.003） and for those during moderate intensity exercise but in which the threshold was not measured （ g = 0.54, Z = 5.0l, p 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes, which suggests that the thresholds are unlikely to represent a trigger point. Conclusion： Moderate intensity exercise, even below the thresholds, can induce improved speed of cognition, possibly due to a combination of increased peripheral catecholamine concentrations inducing vagal/nucleus tractus solitarii pathway activation and central increases due to perceptions of stress.展开更多
To evaluate brain involvement in quiescent Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with fatigue using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODSMultiple MRI techniques were used to assess cerebral changes in 20 quie...To evaluate brain involvement in quiescent Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with fatigue using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODSMultiple MRI techniques were used to assess cerebral changes in 20 quiescent CD patients with fatigue (defined with at least 6 points out of an 11-point numeric rating scale compared with 17 healthy age and gender matched controls without fatigue. Furthermore, mental status was assessed by cognitive functioning, based on the neuropsychological inventory including the different domains global cognitive functioning, memory and executive functioning and in addition mood and quality of life scores. Cognitive functioning and mood status were correlated with MRI findings in the both study groups.RESULTSReduced glutamate + glutamine (Glx = Glu + Gln) concentrations (P = 0.02) and ratios to total creatine (P = 0.02) were found in CD patients compared with controls. Significant increased Cerebral Blood Flow (P = 0.05) was found in CD patients (53.08 ± 6.14 mL/100 g/min) compared with controls (47.60 ± 8.62 mL/100 g/min). CD patients encountered significantly more depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). Cognitive functioning scores related to memory (P = 0.007) and executive functioning (P = 0.02) were lower in CD patients and both scores showed correlation with depression and anxiety. No correlation was found subcortical volumes between CD patients and controls in the T<sub>1</sub>-weighted analysis. In addition, no correlation was found between mental status and MRI findings.CONCLUSIONThis work shows evidence for perfusion, neurochemical and mental differences in the brain of CD patients with fatigue compared with healthy controls.展开更多
The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the d...The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the distinctive characteristics of scientific observation and knowing. Horizon is a key factor that facilitates the cognitive subject to select objects and their backgrounds. In order to make new accomplishment in scientific discoveries, it is essential to broaden the horizon and intzoduce new cognitive instrumentalities and methods. This requires people to be adept at finding out the limitations of their thinking and overcome them consciously. Conscious horizon expansion is essential to the integration of intuition and logical thinking process in scientific cognitive activities, as well as to the establishment of the essential connection/relation between different disciplines and research fields, prompting inter-disciplinary communication and producing methods of thinking. This article is an attempt to explore the significance of horizon for scientific cognition. As we will show, by integrating intuitive thinking and logical thinking through the expansion of horizon, a new cognitive model will be provided.展开更多
In this paper, I examine Steve Fuller＇s ＂sociological＂ social epistemology that must be distinguished from its ＂philosophical＂ counterpart. Fuller＇s sociological social epistemology can prompt deep philosophical...In this paper, I examine Steve Fuller＇s ＂sociological＂ social epistemology that must be distinguished from its ＂philosophical＂ counterpart. Fuller＇s sociological social epistemology can prompt deep philosophical analyses of the conditions for knowledge that themselves bear on what should count as knowledge. That is, it can be a vital prelude to developing an interdisciplinary investigation into educational issues. This paper looks at the three features that form an integral part of Fuller＇s social epistemology, which is partly elucidatory and partly critical： naturalistic, normative, and organizational aspects. It goes on to explore whether and to what extent Fuller＇s criticism of an ＂always already＂ thesis in philosophy and his idea of ＂knowledge management＂ afford an understanding of human knowledge in particular and human development in general. This paper concludes with an observation that Fuller＇s social epistemology is flawed in some respects but nonetheless is of relevance to the philosophical study of education.展开更多
This article proposes a dual system cognitive reasoning model to enhance audit judgment and decision making. The model is built on the fact that the total cognitive capacity of an individual comprises two systems of r...This article proposes a dual system cognitive reasoning model to enhance audit judgment and decision making. The model is built on the fact that the total cognitive capacity of an individual comprises two systems of reasoning--System 1 that is unconscious, associative, implicit, more emotional and less controlled, and so forth; and System 2 that is conscious, explicit, deliberate and rule-governed, and so forth. The benefits of the proposed model that integrates these two complementary and compensatory systems are first illustrated with an example in audit planning, and second explained how the model could overcome the deficiencies of heuristics specifically in an audit context.展开更多
The spectrum allocation for links in multi-hop cognitive radio networks is addressed.The links rent the vacant licensed bands offered by primary users for implementing directional transmission.To minimize the individu...The spectrum allocation for links in multi-hop cognitive radio networks is addressed.The links rent the vacant licensed bands offered by primary users for implementing directional transmission.To minimize the individual cost,the links share the licensed band and rental fee.An interference model for the directional transmission in cognitive radio networks is proposed to formulate the cooperative and dynamic behavior of the links using the theory of hedonic game,called spectrum allocation game.The game is proved to converge to the core stable state indicating that all links satisfy with their current conditions and do not deviate from their coalitions.Numerical results show that the game improves spectral efficiency and contributes to reducing the individual cost of the links.展开更多
Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer ...Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer to a group of children who have such characteristics as high IQ （intelligence quotient）, strong creativity, and good personality. Their intelligence and capability have great potential for further development. As cognitive ability is one of the prominent characteristics of supernormal children, the lecturers can not only pay attention to teaching knowledge （facts teaching）, but also need provide proper opportunities for them to develop their aggressiveness, creativities, and challenges when teaching these children. Because students are active in thinking, in the classroom, students often have some unexpected ideas, that is, the generation of the classroom, in the face of this situation, teachers should be how to do？ A joke between students in the class, sparked the interest of a classmate, and then under the teachers＇ guidance, they invented a chemistry experiment instrument Ω type pipe, illustrated the importance of the teachers focus on creating teaching.展开更多
Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to ...Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to understand by modem societies. Their reasoning becomes understandable only when considering that their observations are limited to the macrocosm. Modem societies have access to the microcosm with a microscope, where different biological mechanisms for the conception of a child were discovered. Since the tribes＇ macroscopical observations were different, their conclusions became necessarily different. The inheritance problem can only be solved by genes at the microscopic level, to which tribal societies had no access. With observations limited to the macrocosm, tribes logically invoked invisible child-spirits of ancestors wanting to be reincarnated in children of the same tribe. Besides the different access to observation, the reasoning of both societies is similar and built around the investigation of a final sense. Reasoning progresses after a phase without any quest for sense through three progressive levels： （1） primary sense, （2） corrected sense, and （3） verified sense. In tribal societies, reasoning is interrupted at the primary sense level when it seems consistent with their general beliefs and traditions. This resembles coherentist theories of epistemic justification, in which justification is only a function of coherence between beliefs. Tribal societies realize the input problem of these theories, since they have no access to the microcosm and also illustrate the Gettier problem. Modem societies progress to the higher levels of corrected and verified sense reasoning, even if inconsistent with their prior beliefs. They initially imagined genes as a hypothetic missing link for inheritance, which relies on a start observation concerning the character of ancestors to the target observation, the similarity with the character of children. If the missing link is definitely verified, it shows a chain of justified beliefs between both observations, allowing the initially hypothetic missing link to be retrospectively considered as the real cause. The SOR of modem societies resembles the extemalist version of foundationalism of epistemic justification, in which the necessary non-inferential justification is represented by the target observation.展开更多
Constructivism is an important branch of cognitive theory. It is a leading theory of education at the end of 20th century and the early 21th century. Language itself is a kind of social construct, learning a language ...Constructivism is an important branch of cognitive theory. It is a leading theory of education at the end of 20th century and the early 21th century. Language itself is a kind of social construct, learning a language is construct personal knowledge. Under the guidance of constructivist learning theory, English teaching has transformed into a student-centered self-construct mode. It created a new situation that students can receive the overall development and personality development through situation setting, collaborative learning and meaning construction.展开更多
文摘Affect plays a significant role in college English teaching and learning, in which teachers, learners, tasks and contexts or environments interact with each other, developing a system of affective interaction. In the system, the teacher is a facilitator and mediator and the learner is the subject of English learning. In a harmonious and friendly classroom environment, with the knowledge transmission blending in well with the cultivation of affect, attitudes and values, students＇ cognitive and emotional development can be promoted. The experimental results of the present study indicated that students in the affective college English classroom did significantly better （p〈 .05） in cognition than before. Furthermore, the analyses of the two surveys showed that attention to affective interaction in college English teaching helped students enhance their interest in college English learning, cross-cultural awareness, self-confidence, interpersonal intelligence, and so forth. Therefore, our conclusion is that attention to affective interaction in college English classroom teaching is conducive to students＇ personal growth and a more holistic development.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61461024)
文摘This paper provides an analytic performance evaluation of dual-hop cognitive amplify-and-forward (AF) relaying networks over independent nonidentically distributed (i.n.i.d.) fading channels. Two different transmit power constraint strategies at the secondary network are proposed to investigate the performance of the secondary network. In the case of combined power constraint,the maximum tolerable interference power on the primary network and the maximum transmit power at the secondary network are considered. Closed-form lower bound and its asymptotic expression for the outage probability (OP) are achieved. Utilizing the above results,average symbol error probability (ABEP) at high signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) are also derived. In order to further study the performance of dual-hop cognitive AF relaying networks,the Closed-form lower bounds and asymptotic expressions for OP with single power constraint of the tolerable interference on the primary network is also obtained. Both analytical and simulation are employed to validate the accuracy of the theoretical analysis. The results show that the secondary network obtains a better performance when higher power constraint is employed.
文摘Purpose： The purpose of this study was to examine, using meta-analytic measures, the evidence regarding the optimal exercise intensity at which improvements in speed of cognitive function are triggered. Specifically, it was hypothesized that the catecholamine, lactate, and ventilatory thresholds is the point at which significant improvements in speed of cognitive function are observed. Methods： We compared mean effect sizes for threshold studies and for those studies where exercise intensity was classed as moderate （40%-- 79% VO2 or equivalent） but in which the thresholds were not measured. Results： Random effects meta-analysis showed significant, moderate, mean effect sizes for studies at the threshold （g = 0.58, Z = 2.98, p 〈 0.003） and for those during moderate intensity exercise but in which the threshold was not measured （ g = 0.54, Z = 5.0l, p 〈 0.001）. There was no significant difference between mean effect sizes, which suggests that the thresholds are unlikely to represent a trigger point. Conclusion： Moderate intensity exercise, even below the thresholds, can induce improved speed of cognition, possibly due to a combination of increased peripheral catecholamine concentrations inducing vagal/nucleus tractus solitarii pathway activation and central increases due to perceptions of stress.
文摘To evaluate brain involvement in quiescent Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with fatigue using quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).METHODSMultiple MRI techniques were used to assess cerebral changes in 20 quiescent CD patients with fatigue (defined with at least 6 points out of an 11-point numeric rating scale compared with 17 healthy age and gender matched controls without fatigue. Furthermore, mental status was assessed by cognitive functioning, based on the neuropsychological inventory including the different domains global cognitive functioning, memory and executive functioning and in addition mood and quality of life scores. Cognitive functioning and mood status were correlated with MRI findings in the both study groups.RESULTSReduced glutamate + glutamine (Glx = Glu + Gln) concentrations (P = 0.02) and ratios to total creatine (P = 0.02) were found in CD patients compared with controls. Significant increased Cerebral Blood Flow (P = 0.05) was found in CD patients (53.08 ± 6.14 mL/100 g/min) compared with controls (47.60 ± 8.62 mL/100 g/min). CD patients encountered significantly more depressive symptoms (P < 0.001). Cognitive functioning scores related to memory (P = 0.007) and executive functioning (P = 0.02) were lower in CD patients and both scores showed correlation with depression and anxiety. No correlation was found subcortical volumes between CD patients and controls in the T<sub>1</sub>-weighted analysis. In addition, no correlation was found between mental status and MRI findings.CONCLUSIONThis work shows evidence for perfusion, neurochemical and mental differences in the brain of CD patients with fatigue compared with healthy controls.
文摘The hermeneutic concept of horizon contributes to the philosophical understanding of scientific cognition. In the context of scientific cognitive practices, the concept of horizon provides a way of understanding the distinctive characteristics of scientific observation and knowing. Horizon is a key factor that facilitates the cognitive subject to select objects and their backgrounds. In order to make new accomplishment in scientific discoveries, it is essential to broaden the horizon and intzoduce new cognitive instrumentalities and methods. This requires people to be adept at finding out the limitations of their thinking and overcome them consciously. Conscious horizon expansion is essential to the integration of intuition and logical thinking process in scientific cognitive activities, as well as to the establishment of the essential connection/relation between different disciplines and research fields, prompting inter-disciplinary communication and producing methods of thinking. This article is an attempt to explore the significance of horizon for scientific cognition. As we will show, by integrating intuitive thinking and logical thinking through the expansion of horizon, a new cognitive model will be provided.
文摘In this paper, I examine Steve Fuller＇s ＂sociological＂ social epistemology that must be distinguished from its ＂philosophical＂ counterpart. Fuller＇s sociological social epistemology can prompt deep philosophical analyses of the conditions for knowledge that themselves bear on what should count as knowledge. That is, it can be a vital prelude to developing an interdisciplinary investigation into educational issues. This paper looks at the three features that form an integral part of Fuller＇s social epistemology, which is partly elucidatory and partly critical： naturalistic, normative, and organizational aspects. It goes on to explore whether and to what extent Fuller＇s criticism of an ＂always already＂ thesis in philosophy and his idea of ＂knowledge management＂ afford an understanding of human knowledge in particular and human development in general. This paper concludes with an observation that Fuller＇s social epistemology is flawed in some respects but nonetheless is of relevance to the philosophical study of education.
文摘This article proposes a dual system cognitive reasoning model to enhance audit judgment and decision making. The model is built on the fact that the total cognitive capacity of an individual comprises two systems of reasoning--System 1 that is unconscious, associative, implicit, more emotional and less controlled, and so forth; and System 2 that is conscious, explicit, deliberate and rule-governed, and so forth. The benefits of the proposed model that integrates these two complementary and compensatory systems are first illustrated with an example in audit planning, and second explained how the model could overcome the deficiencies of heuristics specifically in an audit context.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Programme of China(No.2011AA010503)the National Natural Science Foundations of China(No.60903192)
文摘The spectrum allocation for links in multi-hop cognitive radio networks is addressed.The links rent the vacant licensed bands offered by primary users for implementing directional transmission.To minimize the individual cost,the links share the licensed band and rental fee.An interference model for the directional transmission in cognitive radio networks is proposed to formulate the cooperative and dynamic behavior of the links using the theory of hedonic game,called spectrum allocation game.The game is proved to converge to the core stable state indicating that all links satisfy with their current conditions and do not deviate from their coalitions.Numerical results show that the game improves spectral efficiency and contributes to reducing the individual cost of the links.
文摘Generative resources are mainly derived from the students （sometimes from the teachers）, which is dynamically generated in the students＇ practice, self-inquiry, and cooperative communication. Gifted children refer to a group of children who have such characteristics as high IQ （intelligence quotient）, strong creativity, and good personality. Their intelligence and capability have great potential for further development. As cognitive ability is one of the prominent characteristics of supernormal children, the lecturers can not only pay attention to teaching knowledge （facts teaching）, but also need provide proper opportunities for them to develop their aggressiveness, creativities, and challenges when teaching these children. Because students are active in thinking, in the classroom, students often have some unexpected ideas, that is, the generation of the classroom, in the face of this situation, teachers should be how to do？ A joke between students in the class, sparked the interest of a classmate, and then under the teachers＇ guidance, they invented a chemistry experiment instrument Ω type pipe, illustrated the importance of the teachers focus on creating teaching.
文摘Sense-oriented reasoning （SOR） was analyzed by comparing the reasoning of tribal and modem societies on a specific subject, the conception and birth of a child. Tribal societies have beliefs, which are difficult to understand by modem societies. Their reasoning becomes understandable only when considering that their observations are limited to the macrocosm. Modem societies have access to the microcosm with a microscope, where different biological mechanisms for the conception of a child were discovered. Since the tribes＇ macroscopical observations were different, their conclusions became necessarily different. The inheritance problem can only be solved by genes at the microscopic level, to which tribal societies had no access. With observations limited to the macrocosm, tribes logically invoked invisible child-spirits of ancestors wanting to be reincarnated in children of the same tribe. Besides the different access to observation, the reasoning of both societies is similar and built around the investigation of a final sense. Reasoning progresses after a phase without any quest for sense through three progressive levels： （1） primary sense, （2） corrected sense, and （3） verified sense. In tribal societies, reasoning is interrupted at the primary sense level when it seems consistent with their general beliefs and traditions. This resembles coherentist theories of epistemic justification, in which justification is only a function of coherence between beliefs. Tribal societies realize the input problem of these theories, since they have no access to the microcosm and also illustrate the Gettier problem. Modem societies progress to the higher levels of corrected and verified sense reasoning, even if inconsistent with their prior beliefs. They initially imagined genes as a hypothetic missing link for inheritance, which relies on a start observation concerning the character of ancestors to the target observation, the similarity with the character of children. If the missing link is definitely verified, it shows a chain of justified beliefs between both observations, allowing the initially hypothetic missing link to be retrospectively considered as the real cause. The SOR of modem societies resembles the extemalist version of foundationalism of epistemic justification, in which the necessary non-inferential justification is represented by the target observation.
文摘Constructivism is an important branch of cognitive theory. It is a leading theory of education at the end of 20th century and the early 21th century. Language itself is a kind of social construct, learning a language is construct personal knowledge. Under the guidance of constructivist learning theory, English teaching has transformed into a student-centered self-construct mode. It created a new situation that students can receive the overall development and personality development through situation setting, collaborative learning and meaning construction.
