论影响人的社会认知的心理因素

人的社会认知是个人对他人的心理状态、行为动机和意向作出推测与判断的过程。影响社会认知的因素很多 ,主要有认知对象本身的特点、社会情境、认知者本身的特点等因素。

传统医学理论与现代医学理论思维方式剖析比较

在传统医学基础理论研究中人们不断尝试运用理性思维的方式找出传统医学理论与现代医学理论之间的相互关联,及传统医学理论的物质基础,两种理论的研究阐述对象相同,两者又均建立在客观唯物思想上,决定这两种理论体系必然存在高度统一性,两个因素加在一起是结论的充分必要条件。无论早期认知者或是现代认知者,认知过程同样符合唯物主义的认知论观点,在其认知思维过程中也同样遵循认知心理学的一般规律,随着人类的发展,自然科学、人文科学、社会科学各领域学科逐渐在细化,但各学科的发展均建立在学科的历史积累上,在各学科逐渐深化过程当中,虽然思维方式、研究手段、认识问题的角度甚至结论等诸多方面存在差异,但最新的研究成果与历史的科学理论存在同源的关系是必然的,在研究传统医学理论形成和发展过程时,第一应注意到思维方式的变化对理论认知的影响,其次现代人文科学、社会科学、自然科学等诸多研究成果应该有机结合作为手段应用于传统医学理论的研究,应指出传统医学理论是一种应用理论,对其形成和发展的研究应该以最终有效应用为目的,这样才能不偏离理论本身唯物主义的本质。

N+H=K公式中的“N”和“H”,现有传统无穷理论体系中的四大缺陷与数学基础

进一步研究、认识新构建的N+H=K认知公式中的三大要素N,H和K.构建"被认知事物存在状态谱系Na,Nb,Nc,Nd"和"认知者存在状态谱系Ha,Hb,Hc,Hd".作为一个典型个案,从新的"知识—科学"认知角度分析数学基础理论中与"无穷"概念相关的悬而未决的悖论、难题与争论所暴露的深层结构理论中的缺陷.

近20年来历史心理学研究论评

文章系统回顾总结了近２０年来历史心理学在中国传播、发展的基本情况。笔者认为，此时期的历史心理学研究具有“从零散到系统”、“从个体、群体到历史认知者”以及“动态、静态心理研究并存”等特点，并对历史心理研究存在的问题和发展趋向作了初步论评。

Atrial fibrillation may be a hidden factor for the development of cognitive impairment in patients with heart failure

To the editor We read the article entitled Cognitive impairment in heart failure patients＇ by Leto, et al. with great interest. In this review, they demonstrated pathophysiological determinants of cognitive impairment in heart failure （HF） population.

Meta-analysis of meditative/relaxation-based interventions for cognitive impairment in cancer patient

Objective:This meta-analysis aimed to review any form of meditative/relaxation interventions for managing cognitive impairment in cancer patients,and to examine its intervention effect.Methods:Three databases(PubMed,PsycInfo,and CNKI)were searched until September 30,2016.Randomized controlled trials(RCTs)of meditative/relaxation-based interventions for the management of cognitive impairment in cancer patients were considered for inclusion.Results:A total of 4 RCTs were included in this meta-analysis.Four RCTs with a total of 290 subjects indicated that meditative/relaxation interventions significantly improved subjective cognitive function of cancer patients.The weighted mean difference was 5.29(95%CI:2.97,7.61).The overall effect of Z score was 4.47(P<0.001).The meditative/relaxation-based interventions had positive effects on the physical and mental QOL(quality of life)of cancer patients.Although the improvement of physical QOL was in favor of interventions,there is no statistically significant difference(Z score=1.81,P=0.07).For the effects of meditative/relaxation interventions on metal QOL,there is significantly statistical difference(Z score=2.99,P=0.003).All included RCTs had a follow-up assessment within six months.Conclusion:Mediation-based interventions had statistically significant difference in improve subjective cognitive function and mental QOL in cancer patients.However,since the conclusion of this meta-analysis was drawn based on limited number of RCTs,future research should be conducted to confirm its positive intervention effects.

What are the benefits of a minimally invasive approach in frail octogenarian patients undergoing aortic valve replacement？

A best evidence topic was devised in light of a structured protocol. What is the advantage of （minl＂mally invasive） approach in （frail patients） undergoing （aortic valve replacement）？ In cardiac outpatient clinic you review an 85-year old male with severe aortic valve stenosis, low left ventricular ejection fraction and creatinine clearance of less than 50 mL/min. Other comorbidities include treated pulmonary hypertension, mild cognitive impairment, marked limitation of ordinary physical activity and depression. You resolve to determine whether to recommend mim＇mally invasive or conventional aortic valve replacement （AVR） or transcathe- ter aortic valve implantation （TAVI）, however you are not sure of the differences of the impact of frailty on preopera- tive risk for each approach; hence you investigate the best evidence on the topic.

Verbal Communication in HIV-1 Patients： A New Perspective on the Study of Cognitive Disorders

The aims were： （1） to study verbal communication skills presenting with verbal communication deficits by applying the MEC in HIV-1 patients, and （2） to analyze the proportion of patients Protocol. The authors evaluated 20 patients over 18 years of age HIV-1 positive; native speakers of Spanish; without alterations in language acquisition, reading, writing or history of neurological or psychiatric disease; patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment （not efavirenz） with viral load 〉 50 copies/mL, and patients not undergoing treatment. Their verbal communication abilities were evaluated with Protocol MEC. The results demonstrate that some of the skills evaluated are more vulnerable in HIV-1 patients. The tasks that showed the most frequent and systematic deficits among patients were discourse-level tasks and those that evaluate lexical semantic processing. The authors compared patients＇ performances with the ＂cut-off＇. The scores were turned into score Z. A hierarchic cluster analysis was carried out to identify subgroups with different profiles according to the areas that were affected. The detection of communication deficit profiles in HIV-1 patients would be the starting point for the identification of disorders and the admission of the patients to health care system. This research constitutes an initial approach towards the identification of clinical profiles among HIV-1 patients.

Cognitive Model of the Journalist on Journalism under Newspaper Industry Transformation Period

In this paper, we conduct research on cognitive model of the journalist on journalism under newspaper industry transformation period. “Journalism” is the logical starting point of theoretical journalism system that is the most abstract, general concept of journalism. Therefore, analyzing the connotation and the essence of “news activities” has special significance and value to the whole journalism, that especially theoretical journalism. All of these activities, together with the news dissemination activities as the core of the news activities, are the broad news activities. From the perspective of journalism, these activities constitute the main object of the study of journalism, news on different areas of activity, form different areas or different branches of journalism. For this, the paper proposes the cognitive model of the journalist on the journalism under newspaper industry transformation period that will promote the further development.

On the Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Cognitive Decline

Objective： The association between gut microbiota composition and biomarkers of immune activation and inflammation was assessed in the elderly. Patients： Serum inflammation markers of fifty-five outpatients （29 females, 26 males, aged 78 ＋ 8.5 years） were analyzed. Stool specimens and thus data on gut microbiota were available from a subgroup of 23 individuals （9 females and 14 males）. Results： Global cerebral atrophy was found in all magnet resonance tomography scans. Mean mini-mental-score examination in Alzheimer＇s disease patients was 18.8 ± 7.1, in patients with mild cognitive impairment 27.8 ± 1.5. Serum neopterin concentrations correlated with concentrations of fecal S100A12 （p 〈 0.001） and cq-antitrypsin （p 〈 0.05）. Faecalibacterium prausnitzii correlated with MMSE （p 〈 0.05）, with Akkermansia muciniphila （p 〈 0.01） and with serum neopterin （p 〈 0.05）. Fecal zonulin correlated inversely with Clostridium cluster I （p 〈 0.02）. Conclusions： Our results underline earlier in vitro and animal studies that cognitive decline associates with age-related changes in the intestinal microbiota and neuroinflammation. However, only correlational evidence can be reported, and a causative relationship still has to be demonstrated.

Lower Intermediate Readers and Their Use of Cognitive and Metacognitive Strategies

Despite much research done on strategy, there still exist several questions unanswered. Not much research is done to examine lower intermediate English as a Foreign Language （EFL） learners＇ performance on the reading section of the First Certificate of English exam （FCER） in the post strategy instruction period. The results indicate that learners vary not only in terms of their performance on the FCER, hut also on the employed metacognitive strategy. Furthermore, metacognitive strategies are the only predictors that positively predict learners＇ performance in the FCER.

Thought Confidence： Consumer Emotions and the Confidence Premise Hypothesis

Thought confidence, a subjective perception of metacognition, and the accompanying self-validated effects that occur when thought confidence is induced after exposure to persuasive messages have recently received increasing attention from scholars. This construct/mechanism has received little exploration in the past, while there remain important research gaps. One question is whether thought confidence can play different roles when induced at different times; another is whether more variables can be identified which effectively induce confidence in existing or subsequent thoughts. The current paper examines a possible antecedent of thought confidence （i.e., consumer emotions） and explores the effects of thought confidence induced in consumers before they are exposed to advertisements. The author posited the confidence premise hypothesis, which holds that higher consumer confidence is a prerequisite for the significantly positive effects of argument strength in advertisements. Eighty-one undergraduates participated in a 2 （emotions： good moods vs. neutral moods） × 2 （argument strength： strong arguments vs. weak arguments） between-subjects experiment. Experimental results indicate that consumers＇ emotions positively affect their confidence in thoughts generated later. There is an anticipated pattern of interaction between emotions and argument strength in affecting advertising effectiveness, which supports the confidence premise hypothesis. The implications of these and other findings are discussed.

COEXISTENCE OF PRIMARY USERS AND SECONDARY USERS UNDER INTERFERENCE TEMPERATURE AND SINR LIMIT

Spectrum sharing offers the opportunity for promising efficiency gains, and it will be a valuable tool in the era of future radios.To address this issue, we develop a multi-user cognitive radio sharing network based on opportunistic spectrum access and propose a new spectrum sharing strategy.The objective of our interest is to obtain the number of secondary users who can coexist peacefully with primary users to improve the utility of licensed spectrum, at the same time maximize the total goodput under the interference temperature and SINR constraints.Through analysis and simulation, the new strategy of spectrum sharing does improve the goodput performance as well as guarantee the Quality of Service(QoS) of primary and secondary users.

贾想之想——贾想近作简析

单纯的认知,哪怕是哲学认知,并不给予诗语言,除非认知者因认知而生发了某种具有独一性的生命情态。在贾想的诗中,事件与哲学相遇后,具体击打着抽象。情感在其中缓缓走出来,对事件进行修正,并沾染了情感对它进行最后的确认。

Influence of acupuncture on cognitive function and markers of oxidative DNA damage in patients with vascular dementia

OBJECTIVE:To test the influence of acupuncture on cognitive function and a marker of oxidative DNA damage in patients with vascular dementia(VD).METHODS:Sixteen VD patients were evaluated before and after acupuncture,using the Folstein Mini-Mental State Examination-Revised(MMSE-R) to assess cognitive function,and the ADL-R scale to assess independence in activities of daily living(ADL).Life quality was evaluated using the DEMQOL(Dementia quality of life questionnaire) questionnaire,and syndromes and expression of vascular dementia were evaluated with the Scale for the Differentiation of Syndromes of Vascular Dementia(SDSVD).In addition,the urine concentration of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine(8-OHdG)-a marker of oxidative damage-was quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:The MMSE-R and DEMQOL scores were higher after acupuncture than before(P<0.05),while there were no obvious differences in the ADL-R or SDSVD scores(P>0.05).The 8-OHdG content in urine significantly decreased after acupuncture(P<0.05).CONCLUSION:Acupuncture reduces the levels of 8-OHdG and improves cognitive function and quality of life in VD patients,suggesting that acupuncture is beneficial at least in part by preventing oxidative damage.

Brain activity in Parkinson's disease patients with mild cognitive impairment

Mild cognitive impairment （MCI） is common in patients with Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, yet the underlying neural mechanisms of this disease state remain unclear. We investigated alterations in the spontaneous brain activity of PD patients with MCI （PD-MCI） relative to cognitively normal PD patients （PD-CN） and healthy control （HC） subjects. In this work, 13 PD-MCI patients, 16 PD-CN patients, and 16 HC subjects completed resting state functional MRI. Spontaneous brain activity was measured by calculating amplitude of low frequency fluctuation （ALFF） values across the whole brain. Between-group differences and correlations between ALFF values and cognitive test scores were analyzed. ALFF values decreased in the right superior temporal gyrus and increased in the left middle temporal gyrus and left superior frontal gyms of PD-MCI patients compared with PD-CN patients. In the PD-MCI group, ALFF values in the left middle temporal gyrus were negatively correlated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment and vocabulary test scores, and the ALFF values in the left superior frontal gyms were negatively correlated with vocabulary test scores. Our study demonstrates that PD-MCI is associated with abnormal spontaneous brain activity in the temporal and frontal lobes. These findings inform the underlying neural mechanism of cognitive impairment in PD.

DEVELOPING LEARNER AUTONOMY THROUGH METACOGNITIVE AWARENESS TRAINING IN ELT

Based on the theories of metacogonition and learner autonomy, and by analyzing the relationship between metacognitive awareness training and learner autonomy theoretically and statistically, the paper argues that in ELT metacognitive awareness training should go before the training of metacognitive strategies, and only when students are conscious about metacognitive awareness can they strengthen their effort, motivation, and persistence, seek assistance from peers and teachers when needed, and provide self-instruction while learning and take responsibility for their learning.

Measurements of the Cognitive Level of Ecotourists for the Tourism Environment in the Mountain Resorts

Tourists are the main body of tourism activities,and studying the environmental cognition of tourists is beneficial for the environmental management of scenic spots.In this article,data obtained by questionnaire were used to compose a data matrix of 169×10 dimensions,and the cognitive level of ecotourists for the tourism environment was measured by two-way indicator species analysis(TWINSPAN)and detrended correspondence analysis(DCA)in Luya Mountain Nature Reserve.This analysis revealed three main points.(1)TWINSPAN divided all the samples into the strict environment protection type,the ordinary environment protection type,the occasional environment protection type,and the natural enjoyment type.Both the strict and ordinary environment protection types agreed with biocentrism and had a consciousness regarding the protection of nature,but the former advocated that tourism activities should be restricted in nature reserves,while the latter did not agree with restrictions on tourism activities.The occasional environment protection types denied biocentrism;on the one hand,they thought that nature should serve human beings,but on the other hand,they showed a tendency toward environmental protection.The natural enjoyment type argued that natural resources should be maximized to meet human needs.(2)There were significant correlations between the first axis of the DCA and gender,age,education,number of trips,and cognition of nature reserve function,and the second axis of DCA was significantly correlated with gender,age,and education level.Under the impact of all the factors in the DCA figure,ecotourist types transitioned gradually from the first type to the second,the third,and the fourth types along the diagonal line,and accordingly,their cognitive level for the tourism environment was reduced slowly.(3)For nature reserves,the strict environment protection type had 74 people,who was the most popular.The ordinary and occasional environment protection types had 43 people and 31 people,respectively,who should be strived to raise environmental awareness.The natural enjoyment type had 21 people,who must be systematically educated.