中国东南大陆边缘中新生代地幔柱活动的岩石学记录

东南大陆边缘华北陆块与扬子陆块的碰撞造山以及华夏陆块西南部离散块体拼合（２３０ ～１５０ Ｍａ） ，是受中特提斯消减作用的影响，其后叠加了古太平洋对古欧亚大陆的伸展—走滑—扩张（１４５ ～７０ Ｍａ） ，新生代后研究区进入了大陆裂谷期。从晚中生代—新生代，岩浆来源由上地壳源—中下地壳源—大陆岩石圈地幔源—软流圈地幔源，构成了一个漫长而巨大的构造岩浆旋回。１４５ ±５ Ｍａ 和２０ ±５ Ｍａ 两次重要的地质转换是联系板块构造和幔柱构造的纽带。

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部流-岩相互作用的岩石学记录对烃类运散的指示

通过野外宏观地质特征观察、显微岩石学鉴定、全岩主要元素分析,揭示了漂白蚀变岩石的岩石学判识标志。结合蚀变岩石及围岩方解石胶结物碳氧同位素分析、流体包裹体研究、有机质分析,进一步阐明了漂白蚀变岩石形成的流体环境,这些特征反过来又对研究区烃类的运移及散失具有重要的指示意义。研究结果表明,漂白蚀变砂岩与红色原岩相伴而生,其颜色变化趋势、裂隙铁质充填特征、显微岩石学、地球化学特征指示研究区曾经历过化学还原性流体作用。方解石胶结物碳氧同位素分析表明,其δ13C较轻,大部分小于-10‰,指示存在有机碳源供给;流体包裹体特征显示,主要以气态烃及气液烃包裹体为主,成分主要为CO2和CH4,表明研究区经历过天然气作用;漂白砂岩及围岩有机质抽提特征显示,有机质成熟度高,而研究区煤系Ro小于0.5%,成熟度低,显然不是来自本地;盆地东北部天然气逸散表明,其与研究区延安组顶部漂白蚀变砂岩关系密切。综合分析表明,漂白蚀变砂岩形成是上古生界天然气逸散后与近地表围岩发生流体-岩石相互作用的结果,该研究对厘定近地表烃类运散、特别是天然气的逸散提供了新的判识方法,可作为指示油气运散的间接标志。

视点

波音将造全球运输能力最强的飞艇，英国发现世界首只“飞鸟”动物，记录岩石变化可提前预测地震。

Mantle processes during ocean formation：Petrologic records in peridotites from the Alpine－Apennine ophiolites

Mantle peridotites were early exposed at the sea-floor of the Jurassic Tethys derived from the subcontinental mantle of the Europe-Adria system. During continental rifting and oceanic spreading, these lithospheric peri-dotites were percolated via diffuse reactive porous flowby melt fractions produced by near-fractional melting of the upwelling asthenosphere. Ascending melts inter-acted with the lower lithosphere, dissolving pyroxenes and precipitating olivine, and crystallized at shallower levels in the mantle column causing melt impregnation.Subsequent focused porous flow formed replacive dunitechannels, cutting the impregnated oeridotites, which were conduits for upward migration of MORB-type liq-uids. Melt migration produced depletionlrefertilization and significant heating of the percolatedlimpregnated mantle, i.e the thermochemical erosion of the litho-sphere. Impregnated and thermally modified lithos-pheric mantle was cooled by conductive heat loss dur-ing progressive lithosphere thinning and was intrudeaby MORB magmas, which formed Mg-rich and Fe-richgabbroic dykes and bodies. Alpine-Apennine ophiolitic peridotites record the deep-seated migration of melts which changed their compositions and dynamics during the rift evolution. The thermochemical erosion of the lithospheric mantle by the ascending asthenospheric melts, which induces significant compositional and rhe-ological changes in the lower lithosphere, is a major process in the evolution of the continent-ocean transi-tion towards a slow spreading oceanic system.

Two types of the crust-mantle interaction in continental subduction zones

Plate subduction is an important mechanism for exchanging the mass and energy between the mantle and the crust,and the igneous rocks in subduction zones are the important carriers for studying the recycling of crustal materials and the crust-mantle interaction.This study presents a review of geochronology and geochemistry for postcollisional mafic igneous rocks from the Hong’an-Dabie-Sulu orogens and the southeastern edge of the North China Block.The available results indicate two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,which are represented by two types of mafic igneous rocks with distinct geochemical compositions.The first type of rocks exhibit arc-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE,LREE and Pb,but depletion of HFSE)and enriched radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions,whereas the second type of rocks show OIB-like trace element distribution patterns(i.e.enrichment of LILE and LREE,but no depletion of HFSE)and depleted radiogenic Sr-Nd isotope compositions.Both of them have variable zircon O isotope compositions,which are different from those of the normal mantle zircon,and contain residual crustal zircons.These geochemical features indicate that the two types of mafic igneous rocks were originated from the different natures of mantle sources.The mantle source for the second type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying juvenile lithospheric mantle with felsic melts originated from previously subducted oceanic crust,whereas the mantle source for the first type of rocks would be generated by reaction of the overlying ancient lithospheric mantle of the North China Block with felsic melts from subsequently subducted continental crust of the South China Block.Therefore,there exist two types of the crust-mantle interaction in the continental subduction zone,and the postcollisional mafic igneous rocks provide petrological and geochemical records of the slab-mantle interactions in continental collision orogens.

Destruction of the North China Craton

A National Science Foundation of China （NSFC） major research project, Destruction of the North China Craton （NCC）, has been carried out in the past few years by Chinese scientists through an in-depth and systematic observations, experiments and theoretical analyses, with an emphasis on the spatio-temporal distribution of the NCC destruction, the structure of deep earth and shallow geological records of the craton evolution, the mechanism and dynamics of the craton destruction. From this work the foUowing conclusions can be drawn： （1） Significant spatial heterogeneity exists in the NCC lithospheric thickness and crustal structure, which constrains the scope of the NCC destruction. （2） The nature of the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic sub-continental lithospheric mantle （CLM） underneath the NCC is characterized in detail. In terms of water content, the late Mesozoic CLM was rich in water, but Cenozoic CLM was highly water deficient. （3） The correlation between magmatism and surface geological response confirms that the geological and tectonic evolution is governed by cratonic destruction processes. （4） Pacific subduction is the main dynamic factor that triggered the destruction of the NCC, which highlights the role of cratonic destruction in plate tectonics.