《论语译注》讨论几则

本文对杨伯峻先生的《论语译注》提出了一些商讨意见。 1、对《论语》的“论”肯定了“论,伦也”的刘熙解释,不同意杨先生对此解的否定,同时也提出了“论语”应解为“富含事理的语言”也与杨先生解“语言的论纂”不同。 2、对“临大节而不可夺也”及其它三个“夺”字解释多歧,认为不妥,提出这三个“夺”俱应解“失”、“丧失”。 3、对“后生可畏”及其它共六个“畏”字杨先生和刘俊田等俱解“怕”认为失误,这六个“畏”字俱应解“敬”。 4、对“足踮蹜如有循”的“循”认为宜解“逡巡”,不同意杨先生解“沿着(独木桥)走过”。 5、对“勿欺也而犯之”的“而”字认为不应解转折连词,而应解“能”“能够”。

Development of a New Index for Integrating Landscape Patterns with Ecological Processes at Watershed Scale

Understanding the relationship between landscape pattems and ecological processes has been a central yet challenging research theme in landscape ecology. Over the past decades, many landscape metrics have been proposed but few directly incorporated ecological processes. In this paper, we developed a landscape index, namely, location-weighted landscape index （LWLI） to highlight the role of landscape type in ecological processes, such as nutrient losses and soil erosion. Within the framework of the Lorenz curve theory, we develop this index by integrating land- scape pattern and point-based measurements at a watershed scale. The index can be used to characterize the contribution of landscape pattern to ecological processes （e.g. nutrient losses） with respect to a specific monitoring point in a watershed. Through a case study on nutrient losses in an agricultural area in northeastern China, we found that nutrient losses tended to be higher for a watershed with a higher LWLI value, and vice versa. It implied that LWLI can be used to evaluate the potential risk of nutrient losses or soil erosion by comparing their values across watersheds. In addition, this index can be extended to characterize ecological processes, such as the effect of landscape pattern on wildlife inhabitation and urban heat island effect. Finally, we discuss several problems that should be paid attention to when applying this index to a heterogeneous landscape site.

Which Ontology behind Narrative Ethics

This paper addresses the relationship between ontology and ethics, as outlined in Charles Taylor＇s essay ＂Ethics and Ontology,＂ problematizing it from a narrative ethics viewpoint. It attempts to overcome the ＂binary＂ dichotomy presented in Taylor＇s essay, insisting instead in favour of an approach that distances itself from both reductionist naturalism and ancient and medieval ontological models. The move towards narrative ethics is positioned in relation to an implicit ontology. Taylor recognizes that man＇s way of life ＂consists of ways of sense making;＂ this human trait thus being an ontological presupposition, or precomprehension. Here, I suggest that this pre-narrative quality is in fact an ex ante projection of the work of meaning-making, arising ex post and, crucially, not universally attainable. If it were, it would be an unwarranted ontologization of features of human moral experience. Organizing the relationship between ontology and ethics within the perspective of narrative ethics does not mean doing away with the ontological dimension. Indeed, as this paper seeks to demonstrate, the ontological background of narrative ethics may be traced from a phenomenology of fragility, exposure, and interdependence. The definition of man as a self-interpreting animal should therefore be delineated in the sense of an endeavour; in this way, the individual can build up his own mediated relation with meaning, and, as a result, the practice of self-narrative becomes available to all.

Neo-Empiricism and Intentionality

A revival of empiricist theories in cognitive psychology, neuropsychology, and philosophy has been led by figures such as Antonio Damasio （1994）, Lawrence Barsalou （1999）, George Lakoff （1987）, and Jesse Prinz （2002; 2004）. Their work has served to connect familiar empiricist approaches to thought and reason with contemporary cognitive psychology and neuroscience. The work of Prinz is of special philosophical significance since it aims to bring together the work of neo-empirically minded theorists in the cognitive and neuro-sciences with main themes found in contemporary philosophical theories of intentionality and reference. In this paper, I examine Prinz＇s efforts to synthesize a neo-empiricist theory of concepts with contemporary semantic theories of reference and intentionality. In part one, I analyze Prinz＇s approach in some depth. In part two, I raise a question concerning the origins of intentionality. Specifically, I am interested in examining the minimum cognitive prerequisites for intentionality within Prinz＇s theory of perception-based representation. In part three, I raise a problem case for Prinz＇s account of the requirements for intentionality, and propose an adjustment in Prinz＇s account to meet the challenge of the objection.

Methodology of the Relationship between Bioethics, Philosophy, and Law

One can distinguish three levels in the integrative unity of knowledge and norms （assessments）, which is termed bioethics. The first level is theoretical. It is connected with the facts and truths. The second level deals with establishing of certain standards and rules of conduct, with the monitoring of their implementation and the assessment of the results of implementation/violation of norms. The third level is associated with individual behavior, formed on the basis of relevant knowledge （or lack of it, as is evident from the table）, and the rules governing its application. Theoretical Bioethics is an integral part of Philosophy---the practical Bioethics is directly related to Law and applied Bioethics deals with the personal standards of specific behavior in concrete situations. Social need for regulatory control of any activity with living entities has led to rapid development of practical Bioethics, while its philosophical content developed more slowly. This creates a conflict of norms and values, hampering the adoption of individual decisions now in the field of applied Bioethics. Deontologization of Bioethics can lead to the fact that it will lose its philosophical content and become a specific area of Law. This, in turn, leads to the dehumanization of Bioethics. It is therefore necessary to conduct a methodological analysis of the relationship of Philosophy, Bioethics and Law, the results of which will focus the researchers on the synchronization of the axiological, praxeological and ethical components of scientific research in order to preserve the intellectual integrity of Bioethics.

Phronesis and Transformative Learning： A Joint Challenge for Moral Philosophy and Educational Theory

Strengthening moral learning may become available to us by bringing phronesis and transformative learning in a common theoretical space. For both Aristotle and Mezirow, the exercise of morality, or rising to the standard of moral choice, decision, and action, is not the result of an intuitive achievement or a sudden understanding of a morally demanding situation but a lifelong affair. Our strategy here addresses three aims： Firstly, to invoke and reclaim the endemic bond between education in the broader sense of paideia and the significant role that reeds to be re-ascribed to moral education. This allows a turn towards qualitative features and makes room for an inclusion of moral education, or values education, within education. Secondly, to portray the exercise of autonomy, choice, and judgment as a result of paideutic development; both theories share the assumption that moral learning rests on constant reflection upon past experiences and the zetesis of future goals. Thirdly, to focus on the way one reclaims the right to exercise judgment, whenever this is required. A joint study of the two theories may enlighten the content of this lifelong reflective procedure.

Application of Homotopy Analysis Method to Solve Relativistic Toda Lattice System

In this letter, the homotopy analysis method is successfully applied to solve the Relativistic Toda lattice system. Comparisons are made between the results of the proposed method and exact solutions. Analysis results show that homotopy analysis method is a powerful and easy-to-use analytic tool to solve systems of differential-difference equations.

Ethical Implications of Systems Methodology Applied to Industrial Ecology

The systemic view on industry and on production and consumption pattern is an essential feature of the industrial ecology （IE） concept. One consequence of this view is to investigate industrial flows and consumer activities, and their effects on the environment in order to evaluate and eventually optimize these flows with the help of a systems methodology. Industrial ecology has been developed by engineers and natural scientists and its ethical core canon often manifests in anthropocentric assertions such as harmonizing the contradiction between nature and culture with scientific expertise, appropriate technology and socio-economic management. This paper argues however for a biocentric inspired, normative reading of some characteristics of industrial ecology＇s systems methodology. The presumption for the value of this endeavor is that industrial ecology＇s systems methodology has a potential for developing directions for the design of a possible sustainable world.

A DFT+U study of the structures and reactivities of polar CeO_2(100) surfaces

Density functional theory calculations corrected by on-site Coulomb interactions were carried out o study the structures of polar CeO2 （100） surfaces as well as activities during catalytic CO oxidation. The stabilities of various CeO2 （100） termination structures are discussed, and calculated energetics are presented. The most stable Ce〇2 （100） surface was obtained by removing half the outermost full layer of oxygen and the surface stability was found to decrease as the exposed oxygen concentration was increased. Assessing the reaction pathways leading to different final products during CO oxidation over the most stable CeO2 （100） surface, we determined that the formation of carbonate species competed with CO2 desorption. However, during CO oxidation on the less stable CeO2 （100） surfaces having more exposed oxygen, the CO is evidently able to react with surface oxygen, leading to CO2 formation and desorption. The calculation results and electronic analyses reported herein also indicate that the characteristic Ce 4/ orbitals are directly involved in deter-mining the surface stabilities and reactivities.

The Intemal Implication of the Economic Ethics in the Alienated Labor Theory of Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844

Alienated labor, also known as labor alienation, was a concept with historical creativity, which was first raised in Marx＇ s Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844. The Manuscripts was important works of Marx, in which the social relations of capitalism private ownership were analyzed by Marx using the concept of alienated labor. A deep analysis was conducted by Marx from the specific historical facts, in which the rational kernel of the alienated problem in the social relations of capitalism was mentioned. Specifically, the alienated labor theory was analyzed from the relationship of laborers with their labor products and labor itself, human＇ s essence, and other people under the condition of the capitalist private ownership; the ＂ought to be＂ ethical characteristics of labors were expounded from the perspective of ethics, and the abnormal labor relations in the process of capitalist production were ethically reviewed and criticized. Therefore, rich economic ethics thoughts were contained in Marx＇ s analysis of the alienated labor theory.

Moral Generalism or Particularism？

Moral generalism and particularism are two positions in meta-ethics which have different views regarding the relation between moral thought and principles. By accepting this relationship, generalists emphasize the necessity of principles in decision making process, and claim that the rationality of moral thought depends on the provision of a suitable supply ofmoral principles. In contrast, particularists have rejected, or at least doubted, the existence of moral principles, and believe that the rationality of moral thought depends on recognizing special features of a case and relevant conditions. This is why, unlike generalists, they use case study method rather than syllogism in decision making process and moral judgment. Consequently, to support their view, particularists commonly resort to holism in the theory of reasons, while atomism is in support of generalism. To evaluate these two attitudes, this study surveys some arguments that particularists and generalists proposed to justify their view and criticize the rival＇s one, and also explains their positions concerning the epistemological and metaphysical role of moral principles and reasons. Finally, after evaluating their claims, the importance of both approaches in meta-ethics is stressed.

A short comment on the effect of a shear layer on nonlinear water waves

In this paper we study nonlinear periodic deep water waves propagating on a background shear current,which decays exponentially with depth.We extend the study of Cheng,Cang and Liao(2009) by introducing a second parameter which measures the depth of the shear current.A high-order convergent analytical series solution is obtained by the homotopy analysis method(HAM).A detailed analysis of the impact of the depth parameter is given.We find that increasing this parameter so that the shear current is thinner reduces the wave phase speed,smoothes the wave crest,sharpens the trough,and enlarges the maximum wave height for the case of propagating waves on an opposing current;while it produces the opposite effect on an aiding current.

The Categorification of Fermions

In this paper, we lift Fermions to functors acting on some homotopy category by the Boson–Fermion correspondence and get the categorified relations of Fermions. In this way, both the categorified Bosons and the categorified Fermions can be viewed as functors on the same category. We also give actions of these functors on the charged Young diagrams(or equivalently, Maya diagrams), so that the classical theory of Boson–Fermion correspondence is very well recovered as a result of such a categorification.