语言的制度意义——卢梭语言起源问题新论

通过思考语言起源,卢梭发现了“真正的社会”的形成及其特质,由此构成他反思现代社会的理论基础,进而提炼出建构更加合理的社会需要的最珍贵的东西——一种人与人之间心理上的、作为整体的凝聚物——政治德性。这是一种在理性基础上缔结社会契约的最初约定,即个人的意志服从普遍的意志的政治美德。普遍的意志具有超越个体、统一社会的强大力量,在于其普遍性,是人人都会认同的判断和信条。学界以往对卢梭语言著述的研究着重从语言学角度展开,遮蔽了语言与政治制度的隐秘关联,阐明卢梭语言著述的理论内涵,有助于把握卢梭社会理论的整全逻辑。

Evaluation for Earthquake Liquefaction of Loess Sites

Through the sinusoid loading dynamic triaxial test, the liquefaction property of saturated loess and sand selected from a civil airport of Lanzhou, Gansu is examined. Based on the laboratory results, a comprehensive assessment on the earthquake liquefaction potential of the loess and sand is given, using the liquefaction resistance shear stress method and the results of seismic hazard assessment. It is found that under the effect of ground motion with exceedance probability of 10% within 50 years, the loess in the study is more susceptible to liquefaction than sand.

Broadening of cloud droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation associated with turbulence: an overview

In the study of warm clouds,there are many outstanding questions.Cloud droplet size distributions are much wider,and warm rain is initiated in a shorter time and with a shallower cloud depth than theoretical expectations.This review summarizes the studies related to the effects of turbulent fluctuations and turbulent entrainment-mixing on the broadening of droplet size distributions and warm rain initiation,including observational,laboratorial,numerical,and theoretical achievements.Particular attention is paid to studies by Chinese scientists since the 1950s,since most results have been published in Chinese.The review reveals that high-resolution observations and simulations,and laboratory experiments,are needed because knowledge of the detailed physical processes involved in the effects of turbulence and entrainment-mixing on cloud microphysics still remains elusive.The effects of turbulent fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes have been unrealistically separated in most theoretical studies.They could be unified by further advancement of a systems theory into a predictive theory.Developing parameterizations for the effects of fluctuations and entrainment-mixing processes is still in its infancy,and more studies are warranted.

Adsorption structures of frothers at gas–liquid interface using DFT method

Density functional theory (DFT) simulation was performed to investigate the adsorption mechanisms between frothers and gas–liquid interface. In water phase, the polar head group of the frother molecule was connected with water molecules by hydrogen bonding, while the non-polar group showed that hydrophobic property and water molecules around it were repelled away. The adsorption of water molecules on single frother molecule suggests that the complexes of α-terpineol-7H2O, MIBC-7H2O and DF200-13H2O reach their stable structure. The hydration shell affects both the polar head group and the non-polar group. The liquid film drainage rate of DF200 is the lowest, while α-terpineol and MIBC are almost the same. The adsorption layer of frother molecules adsorbed at the gas-liquid interface reveals that the α-terpineol molecules are more neatly arranged and better distributed. The DF200 molecules are arranged much more loosely than MIBC molecules. These results suggest that the α-terpineol molecule layer could better block the diffusion of gas through the liquid film than DF200 and MIBC. The simulation results indicate that the foam stability of α-terpineol is the best, followed by DF200 and MIBC.

Oblique Water Wave Scattering by Bottom Undulation in a Two-layer Fluid Flowing Through a Channel

The problem of oblique wave （internal wave） propagation over a small deformation in a channel flow consisting of two layers was considered. The upper fluid was assumed to be bounded above by a rigid lid, which is an approximation for the free surface, and the lower one was bounded below by an impermeable bottom surface having a small deformation; the channel was unbounded in the horizontal directions. Assuming irrotational motion, the perturbation technique was employed to calculate the first-order corrections of the velocity potential in the two fluids by using Green＇s integral theorem suitably with the introduction of appropriate Green＇s functions. Those functions help in calculating the reflection and transmission coefficients in terms of integrals involving the shape ftmction c（x） representing the bottom deformation. Three-dimensional linear water wave theory was utilized for formulating the relevant boundary value problem. Two special examples of bottom deformation were considered to validate the results. Consideration of a patch of sinusoidal ripples （having the same wave number） shows that the reflection coefficient is an oscillatory function of the ratio of twice the x-component of the wave number to the ripple wave number. When this ratio approaches one, the theory predicts a resonant interaction between the bed and the interface, and the reflection coefficient becomes a multiple of the number of ripples. High reflection of incident wave energy occurs if this number is large. Similar results were observed for a patch of sinusoidal ripples having different wave numbers. It was also observed that for small angles of incidence, the reflected energy is greater compared to other angles of incidence up to π/ 4. These theoretical observations are supported by graphical results.

Prediction of ground surface displacement caused by grouting

Ground surface displacement caused by grouting was calculated with stochastic medium theory. Ground surface displacement was assumed to be caused by the cavity expansion of grouting, slurry seepage, and slurry contraction. A prediction method of ground surface displacement was developed. The reliability of the presented method was validated through a comparison between theoretical results and results from engineering practice. Results show that the present method is effective. The effect of parameters on uplift displacement was illustrated under different grouting conditions. Through analysis, it can be known that the ground surface uplift is mainly caused by osmosis of slurry and the primary influence angle of stratum β determines the influence range of surface uplift. Besides, the results show that ground surface uplift displacement decreases notably with increasing depth of the grouting cavity but it increases with increasing diffusion radius of grout and increasing grouting pressure.

Incipient Velocity of Non-uniform Sediment in Sloping River Bends

A model for incipient movement of sediment in rolling pattern was established. In this model, the starting of sediment particles under low transport rate, the exposure degree of sediment, the lateral slope of water surface and the effect of transverse circulating current induced by the hydraulic structure of bend flow were fully considered. A theoretical formula for the incipient velocity of non-cohesive and non-uniform sediment in sloping river bends was developed. The results from the theoretical formula compared well with the experimental data.

论公文的开头类型和写作要领

本文概述了公文开头的基本原则 ;论述了直入式开头方式的真谛和问起、论起、叙起的异同 ;分析了引点来文、反类尊题、纲要法、开场白、形式开头等引入式开头的各自适用范围及表达效果 ;探讨了导入式开头的由来、基本功用、写作要领 ;归纳出“目的句外表述法”的写作技巧 ,及其构成原理、表达效果和须避免的疏失。

The origin of the site preference of H adsorption on Pd(100)

Spin-polarized density functional theory （DPT） calculations are carried out to determine the site preference of H adsorption on Pd（100） surface and subsurface, We carefully scrutinize the energy difference between different patterns at θ=0.50 ML and confirm the LEED observation that surface adsorption can form c（2×2） ordering structure. On the contrary, we disclose that p（2×1） structure become more favorable than c（2×2） for subsurface adsorption. These site preferences are rationalized via an analysis of the layer and orbital resolved density of states. Furthermore, we propose that the interstitial charge as a key factor determining the preferred H adsorbed site.

A theoretical exploration of the origin and early evolution of a pandemic

A virus that can cause a global pandemic must be highly adaptive to human conditions.Such adaptation is not likely to have emerged suddenly but,instead,may have evolved step by step with each step favored by natural selection.It is thus necessary to develop a theory about the origin in order to guide the search.Here,we propose such a model whereby evolution occurs in both the virus and the hosts(where the evolution is somatic;i.e.,in the immune system).The hosts comprise three groups–the wild animal hosts,the nearby human population,and farther-away human populations.The theory suggests that the conditions under which the pandemic has initially evolved are:(i)an abundance of wild animals in the place of origin(PL_(0));(ii)a nearby human population of low density;(iii)frequent and long-term animal-human contacts to permit step-by-step evolution;and(iv)a level of herd immunity in the animal and human hosts.In this model,the evolving virus may have regularly spread out of PL_(0) although such invasions often fail,leaving sporadic cases of early infections.The place of the first epidemic(PL_(1)),where humans are immunologically naïve to the virus,is likely a distance away from PL_(0).Finally,this current model is only a first attempt and more theoretical models can be expected to guide the search for the origin of SARS-CoV-2.

Exotic origin of the Chinese continental shelf: new insights into the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and eastern China since the Mesozoic

The effect of paleo-Pacific subduction on the geological evolution of the western Pacific and continental China is likely complex. Nevertheless, our analysis of the distribution of Mesozoic granitoids in the eastern continental China in space and time has led us to an interesting conclusion： The basement of the continental shelf beneath East and South China Seas may actually be of exotic origin geologically unrelated to the continental lithosphere of eastern China. By accepting the notion that the Jurassic- Cretaceous granitoids in the region are genetically associated with western Pacific subduction and the concept that subduction may cease to continue only if the trench is being jammed, then the termination of the granitoid magmatism throughout the vast region at -88±2 Ma manifests the likelihood of ＂sudden＂, or shortly beforehand （- 100 Ma）, trench jam of the Mesozoic western Pacific subduction. Trench jam happens if the incoming ＂plate＂ or portion of the plate contains a sizeable mass that is too buoyant to subduct. The best candidate for such a buoyant and unsubductable mass is either an oceanic plateau or a micro-continent. We hypothesize that the basement of the Chinese continental shelf represents such an exotic, buoyant and unsubductable mass, rather than seaward extension of the continental lithosphere of eastern China. The locus of the jammed trench （i.e., the suture） is predictably located on the shelf in the vicinity of, and parallel to, the arc-curved coastal line of the southeast continental China. It is not straightforward to locate the locus in the northern section of the East China Sea shelf because of the more recent （〈20 Ma） tectonic re-organization associated with the opening of the Sea of Japan. We predict that the trench jam at - 100 Ma led to the re-orientation of the Pacific plate motion in the course of NNW direction as inferred from the age-progressive Emperor Seamount Chain of Hawaiian hotspot origin （its oldest unsubdued Meiji and Detroit seamounts are -82 Ma）, making the boundary between the Pacific plate and the newly accreted plate of eastern Asia transform fault at the location east of the continental shelf of exotic origin. This explains the apparent-40 Myr magmatic gap from - 88 to - 50 Ma prior to present-day western Pacific subduction initiation. We propose that basement penetration drilling on well-chosen sites is needed to test the hypothesis in order to reveal the true nature of the Chinese continental shelf basement. This testing becomes critical and cannot longer be neglected in order to genuinely understand the tectonic evolution of the western Pacific and its effect on the geology of eastern China since the Mesozoic, including the cratonic lithosphere thinning, related magmatism/mineralization, and the mechanism of the subsequent South China Sea opening, while also offering novel perspectives on aspects of the plate tectonics theory. We also suggest the importance of future plate tectonic reconstruction of the western Pacific to consider the nature and histories of the Chinese continental shelf of exotic origin as well as the probable transform plate boundary from - 100 to -50 Ma. Effort is needed to reveal the true nature and origin of the - 88 ± 2 Ma granitic gneisses in Taiwan and the 110-88 Ma granitoids on the Hainan Island.

SIGNATURES OF UNIVERSAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FRACTAL FLUCTUATIONS IN GLOBAL MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES

This paper proposes a general systems theory for fractals visualising the emergence of successively larger scale fluctuations resulting from the space-time integration of enclosed smaller scale fluctuations. Global gridded time series data sets of monthly mean temperatures for the period 1880- 2007/2008 are analysed to show that data sets and corresponding power spectra exhibit distributions close to the model predicted inverse power law distribution. The model predicted and observed universal spectrum for interannual variability rules out linear secular trends in global monthly mean temperatures. Global warming results in intensification of fluctuations of all scales and manifested immediately in high frequency fluctuations.