人工智能背景下的数据化刑事统一证据标准

在推进人工智能与法学深度融合的大背景下,构建数据化的刑事统一证据标准被提出并作为重点抓手付诸实践。所谓数据化的刑事统一证据标准是以刑事类案为分类,以人工智能等技术为工具,基于海量司法数据信息提炼形成,由公检法三机关统一适用的证据标准。究其根本,构建这一标准的客观准备已然具足,且人工智能与证据标准具有元理论上的共通性。然而,此种标准并非证明标准的完整数据化复刻,仅是将证明标准的客观因素具体化、数据化,还存在着司法数据瑕疵和算法黑箱造成的可靠性不足以及偏重客观化等问题。未来应加强对数据质量的提纯、提高算法透明度、构建证据标准与证明标准二元并行模式并健全相关配套机制,以保证其稳定、可靠发展。

The Moon

Recent geochemical and geophysical data from the Moon enable a revision of earlier interpretations regarding lunar origin, structure and bulk composition. Earth and Moon show many similarities among their isotopic compositions, but they have evolved in totally dissimilar ways, probably related to the deficiency of water and volatile elements in the Moon as well as the vast differences in size and internal pressure. Some global geochemical differences from the Earth such as volatile depletion based on K/U ratios have been established. However, all current lunar samples come from differentiated regions, making the establishment of a bulk composition more reliant on bulk geophysical properties or isotopic similarities; it remains unclear how the latter arose or relate to whole Moon composition. The lack of fractionation effects among the refractory and super-refractory elements indicates that the proto-lunar material seems unlikely to have been vaporized while the presence of volatile elements may place lower limits on proto-lunar temperatures. The apparent lack of geochemical evidence of an impacting body enables other possible impactors, such as comets, to be considered. Although the origin of the Moon remains currently unknown, it is generally believed that the Moon originated as the result of a giant impact on the Earth.

论电子数据的孤证禁止规则:一个初步的探讨

定案证据数据化带来的理论困惑导致了司法实践中孤证禁止规则适用上的排异反应。实践困境呼唤理论支撑。作为电子数据孤证禁止规则的理论基础,电子数据的系统原理、印证主义的证明模式、证据采信的客观量化可以为规则适用的必要性作出说明,并为规则的具体构建提供参考。电子数据孤证禁止规则应当区分"绝对的孤证禁止""相对的孤证禁止"和"孤证禁止的例外"三种情形。同时,有必要结合基础理论的内在原理,分情形展开规则的具体内容。电子数据孤证禁止规则适用的关键在于正确界定电子数据的"孤证"形态,这对于不具备相关专业素养的诉讼三方而言均非易事,需要构建电子数据开示制度和专家参与人制度作为电子数据孤证禁止规则的保障。