迈向实证主义的中国法治评估方法论——以世界正义工程法治指数建构方法为镜鉴

近年来,法治评估实践在国内各地蓬勃发展,对于推进法治建设、贯穿法治理念和法治思维、优化法治理论和知识传统等起到了不可估量的作用。目前国内对法治评估的研究涉及面虽然较广,但对更为重要的评估方法论的研究却寥寥可数。现实表明法治评估的生成以及运作需要形成一套成熟、完善的方法论体系用以指导评估的概念化和操作化。本文试图在厘清法治评估方法论核心问题、并透视世界正义工程法治指数方法论系统的基础上,结合当前国内法治评估的真实样态,尝试性地提出适合中国法治评估理论格局的法治评估方法论。这种评估方法论实际上是建立在跨界的理论格局基础上的,它需要对于不同学科领域中相同或者不同的语言、概念、制度进行沟通,以取得主体间的商谈和沟通的共识达成。更为重要的是,法治评估的实证前景决定了评估方法论的实然向度——迈向实证主义。

对“分类指导分类评估”提法的思考:评估目的性与评估方法论

目的性与方法论之间是从属关系,前者引导后者。评估效率的高低、评估结果的可靠度与可信性取决于评估中各环节与评估目的之间的契合度。在首轮本科教学工作水平评估实践中获得的经验,为建立科学的质量保障体系提供了可借鉴的根据。今后对于高等院校教育质量的评估评价,更应加强评估设计的科学性。要正确理解大众化对高等教育质量内涵所提出的要求;探讨如何平衡行政管理与学术自律之间的关系;按照科学方法不断地进行质量监控;按照不同的质量要求,设计相应的质量评估指标;根据实际需要,确定评估重点。

当代西方评估方法论研究的新动向

当代西方评估领域出现了一些令人瞩目的思潮,其中,欧洲当代学者的现实主义评估范式的研究,与美洲的一些学者强调的面向真实世界的评估,反映了当代评估方法论发展的重要方向。此外,现实主义评估的研究者多次提到理论驱动的评估的价值,指出现实主义评估可以被视为"理论驱动"的评估观点的家族成员之一。研究这些动向,有利于我们反思当代教育评估的理论基础。

中国政策评估研究二十年(1998—2018):学术回顾与研究展望

国内学界对政策评估的研究始于1998年,学者们高度重视政策评估的作用和功能,认为政策评估对政府自身建设,公共政策的制定、执行和终结,以及国家治理能力和治理现代化都起到了推动作用。二十年来的研究领域集中在政策评估的价值取向、评估主体、评估标准、评估方法与政策评估理论等方面。主要有两条研究路径:一是对比—借鉴路径,二是实践—反思路径;研究方法则以规范分析为主。从整体上来看,中国政策评估形成了理念—制度—方法三个层面的研究,中国政策评估的研究应以理念革新为核心,以制度建设为保障,以方法学习为基础,共同促进政策评估实践的发展。

某省移动智能网项目后评估研究

为了保障项目投资效益和效果,通过采用对比法和成功度法等后评估方法论,对某省智能网项目从项目全过程、项目建设效果及效益、项目目标等维度进行后评估研究,为后续项目建设和管理提供参考。

Study of A Multi-criteria Evaluation Methodology for Nuclear Fuel Cycle System Based on Sustainability

This paper presents a multi-criteria evaluation methodology for nuclear fuel cycle options in terms of energy sustainability. Starting from the general sustainability concept and the public acceptance questionnaire, a set of indicators reflecting specific criteria for the evaluation of nuclear fuel cycle options are defined. Particular attention is devoted to the resource utility efficiency, environmental effect, human health hazard and economic effect, which represent the different concerns of different stakeholders. This methodology also integrated a special mathematic processing approach, namely the Extentics Evaluation Method, which quantifies the human being subjective perception to provide the intuitionistic judgement and comparison for different options. The once-through option and reprocessing option of nuclear fuel cycle are examined by using the proposed methodology. The assessment process and result can give us some guidance in nuclear fuel cycle evaluation under the constraint of limited data.

Commentary on:“Assessing proprioception:A critical review of methods”by Han et al.

In recent years,the assessment of proprioceptive function has received increased attention in clinical and motor skill research.This is not surprising given the growing body of scientific evidence on the importance of proprioceptive information for controlling nearly all facets of human movement;from standing to performing highly skilled movement patterns

A Critical Analysis of Methodologies Evaluating Biodiversity in Offset Banking

The assessment of ecological impacts represents a key element of biodiversity offsetting success. After briefly introducing the main controversies arisen on biodiversity monetization and defining biodiversity banking schemes, discussions will be focused on evaluation methods mobilized in the context ofbiodiversity offset banking. Although there is currently no fixed framework assessing environment due resolutely to the specific nature of biodiversity, evaluation methods are analyzed through a review of the academic and empirical literature. This step allows to select few methods justifying these choices and presenting their pros and cons by keeping the aim to contribute to the debates. Thus, ecological assessments （service-to-service and resource-to-resource） and economic valuations （value-to-value and value-to-cost） carried out in biodiversity banking schemes will be distinguished. Finally, this paper will emphasize the inherent differences of the two evaluating forms and their specificities on the one hand, and highlight their opportunities and risks from methodological perspective on the other hand.

A Methodology for Bridge Condition Evaluation

Due to the substantial role of bridges in transportation networks and in accordance with the limited funding for bridge management, remediation strategies have to be prioritised. A conservative bridge assessment will result in unnecessary actions, such as costly bridge strengthening or repairs. On the other hand, any bridge maintenance negligence and delayed actions may lead to heavy future costs or degraded assets. The accuracy of decisions developed by any manager or bridge engineer relies on the accuracy of the bridge condition assessment which emanates from visual inspection. Many bridge rating systems are based on a very subjective procedure and are associated with uncertainty and personal bias. The developing condition rating method described herein is an important step in adding more holism and objectivity to the current approaches. Structural importance and material vulnerability are the two main factors that should be considered in the evaluation of element structural index and the causal factor as the representative of age, environment, road class and inspection is implemented as a coefficient to the OSCI （overall structural condition index）. The AHP （analytical hierarchy process） has been applied to evaluate the priority vector of the causal parameters.

Assessing Disclosure Quality： A Methodological Issue

The voluntary disclosure studies conducted until today, in social accounting and related fields, use different approaches to evaluate the so-called ＂disclosure quality＂. Disclosure quality is not so easy to measure, and it is derived from the application of different methodologies. In particular, the methodologies to assess the level of disclosure could be classified as subjective or objective. To the first category belong all the ＂tools＂ that are used directly without relying on the analysis of the original source of the information studies （Imhoff, 1992; Coleman ＆ Eccles, 1997; Welker, 1995）. The objective measurements used to assess the disclosure quality are, instead, based on the direct study of the original information source in order to obtain the information required （Krippendorff, 1980; Weber, 1985; Botosan, 1997; Lang ＆ Lundholm, 2000）. The aim of the paper is to give scholars and researchers a brief framework to understand the different methodologies used in accounting literature to assess the disclosure quality, providing examples of the application of the same in different research contexts.

Assessment Method of Heavy NC Machine Reliability Based on Bayes Theory

It is difficult to collect the prior information for small-sample machinery products when their reliability is assessed by using Bayes method. In this study, an improved Bayes method with gradient reliability(GR) results as prior information was proposed to solve the problem. A certain type of heavy NC boring and milling machine was considered as the research subject, and its reliability model was established on the basis of its functional and structural characteristics and working principle. According to the stress-intensity interference theory and the reliability model theory, the GR results of the host machine and its key components were obtained. Then the GR results were deemed as prior information to estimate the probabilistic reliability(PR) of the spindle box, the column and the host machine in the present method. The comparative studies demonstrated that the improved Bayes method was applicable in the reliability assessment of heavy NC machine tools.

Development of an Evaluation Methodology for Fuel Discharge in Core Disruptive Accidents of Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactors

The purpose of the present study is to develop a methodology to evaluate fuel discharge through the CRGT （control-rod guide tube） during CDAs （core-disruptive accidents） of SFRs （sodium-cooled fast reactors）, since fuel discharge will decrease the core reactivity and CRGTs have a potential to provide an effective discharge path. Fuel discharge contains multi-component fluid dynamics with phase changes, and, in the present study, the SFR safety analysis code SIMMER （Sn, implicit, multifield, multicomponent, Eulerian recriticality） was utilized as a technical basis. First, dominant phenomena affecting fuel discharge through the CRGT are identified based on parametric calculations by the SIMMER code. Next, validations on the code models closely relating to these phenomena were carried out based on experimental data. It was shown that the SIMMER code with some model modifications could reproduce the experimental results appropriately. Through the present study, the evaluation methodology for the molten-fuel discharge through the CRGT was successfully developed.

The Q theory of investment, the capital asset pricing model,and asset valuation： a synthesis

The paper combines Tobin's Q theory of real investment with the capital asset pricing model to produce a new and relatively simple procedure for the valuation of real assets using the income approach. Applications of the new method are provided.

WATERiD＇s Novel Methodology for Condition Assessment Cost Data Collection and Visualization

A profound understanding of the costs to perform condition assessment on buried drinking water pipeline infrastructure is required for enhanced asset management. Toward this end, an automated and uniform method of collecting cost data can provide water utilities a means for viewing, understanding, interpreting and visualizing complex geographically referenced cost information to reveal data relationships, patterns and trends. However, there has been no standard data model that allows automated data collection and interoperability across platforms. The primary objective of this research is to develop a standard cost data model for drinking water pipeline condition assessment projects and to conflate disparate datasets from differing utilities. The capabilities of this model will be further demonstrated through performing trend analyses. Field mapping files will be generated from the standard data model and demonstrated in an interactive web map created using Google Maps API （application programming interface） for JavaScript that allows the user to toggle project examples and to perform regional comparisons. The aggregation of standardized data and further use in mapping applications will help in providing timely access to condition assessment cost information and resources that will lead to enhanced asset management and resource allocation for drinking water utilities.

Environmental Analysis of Packaging for Soft Drinks Using the Life Cycle Assessment Methodology

The knowledge of a product＇s life cycle is the first step on the search of sustainable development. The life cycle assessment （LCA） is an important method because it allows an environment accounting, where the extraction of natural resources and energy of the nature are considered and the ＂returns＂ to the same one and allows in evaluating relative potential the environment impacts generated. The present work had as objective to make an analysis of material and energy flows of the life cycle of three types of packaging for soft drinks： glass bottles of 390 mL, aluminum cans of 350 mL, and bottles of PET of 2,000 mL. The study considered processes since the extraction of raw materials for production of the packaging until the stages of recycling, after the consumption of the soft drink. For the research, an inventory analysis followed the LCA methodology. The main critical points of generation of negative environmental impact during the life cycle of each packaging had been the identified and quantified data in this study. The consumption of natural resources like water and other raw materials and energy, the generation of atmospheric emissions, solid wastes and wastewaters had been the analyzed categories. The results showed that, in accordance with the scenes and defined variables, the most important conclusion was that the bottle of glass presented a less favorable scene to the environment in comparison with other packaging.