This study focused on the quantitative evaluation of the impact of the spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and grouping on the standardization of CPUE(catch per unit effort).We used the Chinese squid-jigging...This study focused on the quantitative evaluation of the impact of the spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and grouping on the standardization of CPUE(catch per unit effort).We used the Chinese squid-jigging fishery in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as an example to evaluate 24 scenarios at different spatio-temporal scales,with a combination of four levels of temporal scale(weekly,biweekly,monthly,and bimonthly)and six levels of spatial scale(longitude×latitude:0.5°×0.5°,0.5°×1°,0.5°×2°,1°×0.5°,1°×1°,and 1°×2°).We applied generalized additive models and generalized linear models to analyze the24 scenarios for CPUE standardization,and then the differences in the standardized CPUE among these scenarios were quantified.This study shows that combinations of different spatial and temporal scales could have different impacts on the standardization of CPUE.However,at a fine temporal scale(weekly)different spatial scales yielded similar results for standardized CPUE.The choice of spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and analysis may create added uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment and management.To identify a cost-effective spatio-temporal scale for data collection,we recommend a similar study be undertaken to facilitate the design of effective monitoring programs.展开更多
The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the achievement gaps between students. Over the past thirty years, emphasis has been placed on achievement levels of students in this country. State test results...The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the achievement gaps between students. Over the past thirty years, emphasis has been placed on achievement levels of students in this country. State test results, SAT Scores, ACT scores and other assessment instruments have been used to determine performance standards and test results for students. Data analyzed for White students compared to African American and Hispanic students have provided critical information in identifying academic progress and skill deficits for all students. This article will highlight some of the achievement gaps which exit among White, African American and Hispanic Students. Recommendations will also be emphasized to help improve student achievement levels in an effort to close the achievement gap.展开更多
基金Supported by Shanghai Universities First-class Disciplines Project,Discipline name:Fisheries(A),the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.NSFC41276156)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA092303)+1 种基金the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Program(No.12231203900)CHEN Yong’s involvement was supported by the Shanghai Ocean University
文摘This study focused on the quantitative evaluation of the impact of the spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and grouping on the standardization of CPUE(catch per unit effort).We used the Chinese squid-jigging fishery in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as an example to evaluate 24 scenarios at different spatio-temporal scales,with a combination of four levels of temporal scale(weekly,biweekly,monthly,and bimonthly)and six levels of spatial scale(longitude×latitude:0.5°×0.5°,0.5°×1°,0.5°×2°,1°×0.5°,1°×1°,and 1°×2°).We applied generalized additive models and generalized linear models to analyze the24 scenarios for CPUE standardization,and then the differences in the standardized CPUE among these scenarios were quantified.This study shows that combinations of different spatial and temporal scales could have different impacts on the standardization of CPUE.However,at a fine temporal scale(weekly)different spatial scales yielded similar results for standardized CPUE.The choice of spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and analysis may create added uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment and management.To identify a cost-effective spatio-temporal scale for data collection,we recommend a similar study be undertaken to facilitate the design of effective monitoring programs.
文摘The purpose of this research is to identify and examine the achievement gaps between students. Over the past thirty years, emphasis has been placed on achievement levels of students in this country. State test results, SAT Scores, ACT scores and other assessment instruments have been used to determine performance standards and test results for students. Data analyzed for White students compared to African American and Hispanic students have provided critical information in identifying academic progress and skill deficits for all students. This article will highlight some of the achievement gaps which exit among White, African American and Hispanic Students. Recommendations will also be emphasized to help improve student achievement levels in an effort to close the achievement gap.
