In order to overcome the limitations of traditional methods in uncertainty analysis, a modified Bayesian network(BN), which is called evidence network(EN), was proposed with evidence theory to handle epistemic uncerta...In order to overcome the limitations of traditional methods in uncertainty analysis, a modified Bayesian network(BN), which is called evidence network(EN), was proposed with evidence theory to handle epistemic uncertainty in probabilistic risk assessment(PRA). Fault trees(FTs) and event trees(ETs) were transformed into an EN which is used as a uniform framework to represent accident scenarios. Epistemic uncertainties of basic events in PRA were presented in evidence theory form and propagated through the network. A case study of a highway tunnel risk analysis was discussed to demonstrate the proposed approach. Frequencies of end states are obtained and expressed by belief and plausibility measures. The proposed approach addresses the uncertainties in experts' knowledge and can be easily applied to uncertainty analysis of FTs/ETs that have dependent events.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To pool data on ethnobotanical medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders in Pakistan.METHODS:We reviewed 237 research publications based on data from the six provinces in Pakistan(Punjab = 85,Khyb...OBJECTIVE:To pool data on ethnobotanical medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders in Pakistan.METHODS:We reviewed 237 research publications based on data from the six provinces in Pakistan(Punjab = 85,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa = 65,Sindh =15,Balochistan = 8,Gilgit Baltistan = 22,Azad Jammu and Kashmir = 42) published until June 2015 in various journals.This was achieved using seven online databases:Science Direct,Google,Google Scholar,Pub Med,Wiley Online Library,SpringerLink,and MEDLINE.Data were analyzed from different perspectives.RESULTS:People from Pakistan made use of 371 plant species belonging to 263 genera and 99 families for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.Plants from the Asteraceae family were used most often.Herbs were the dominant growth form.Leaves were the plant parts used most often.Decoctions were the main preparation method.Nine plant species were used most frequently in thedwellers of most regions of Pakistan.A total of 111 plants were shown experimentally to have neither anti-arthritic nor anti-inflammatory activities,and148 plant species were threatened.Eighty-four species had commercial importance.Twelve plant species were imported,and 25 plant species were exported,from Pakistan.CONCLUSION:This review provides baseline data for plant species in Pakistan that have potential anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic activities.展开更多
基金Project(71201170)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to overcome the limitations of traditional methods in uncertainty analysis, a modified Bayesian network(BN), which is called evidence network(EN), was proposed with evidence theory to handle epistemic uncertainty in probabilistic risk assessment(PRA). Fault trees(FTs) and event trees(ETs) were transformed into an EN which is used as a uniform framework to represent accident scenarios. Epistemic uncertainties of basic events in PRA were presented in evidence theory form and propagated through the network. A case study of a highway tunnel risk analysis was discussed to demonstrate the proposed approach. Frequencies of end states are obtained and expressed by belief and plausibility measures. The proposed approach addresses the uncertainties in experts' knowledge and can be easily applied to uncertainty analysis of FTs/ETs that have dependent events.
文摘OBJECTIVE:To pool data on ethnobotanical medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disorders in Pakistan.METHODS:We reviewed 237 research publications based on data from the six provinces in Pakistan(Punjab = 85,Khyber Pakhtunkhwa = 65,Sindh =15,Balochistan = 8,Gilgit Baltistan = 22,Azad Jammu and Kashmir = 42) published until June 2015 in various journals.This was achieved using seven online databases:Science Direct,Google,Google Scholar,Pub Med,Wiley Online Library,SpringerLink,and MEDLINE.Data were analyzed from different perspectives.RESULTS:People from Pakistan made use of 371 plant species belonging to 263 genera and 99 families for the treatment of inflammatory disorders.Plants from the Asteraceae family were used most often.Herbs were the dominant growth form.Leaves were the plant parts used most often.Decoctions were the main preparation method.Nine plant species were used most frequently in thedwellers of most regions of Pakistan.A total of 111 plants were shown experimentally to have neither anti-arthritic nor anti-inflammatory activities,and148 plant species were threatened.Eighty-four species had commercial importance.Twelve plant species were imported,and 25 plant species were exported,from Pakistan.CONCLUSION:This review provides baseline data for plant species in Pakistan that have potential anti-inflammatory/anti-arthritic activities.
