满文外音字■的词头、词中形式研究

关于满文外音字■《满汉字清文启蒙》只列有其独立形及词尾形■。现已出版的诸满文教材、辞书中,其词头、词中形式多为在下牙上接出长牙,从而书作■、■,甚至将其独立形与词尾形也书作■、■。从发生学角度看,其辅音当来源于■,参照■、■而书为■、■乃顺理成章之举。《五体清文鉴》中藏文、维吾尔文的满文切音、对音拼写及满文诸佛经刻本,乃至御制碑文、殿本刻书等文献中之外族人地名、满人汉名连写,以及清代民间满语文学习范本《抄本初学满文指蒙歌》中,即分别书作■、■,而■、■写法从未一见。作为御制大型辞书,《五体清文鉴》满文注音拼写规范之权威性不容置疑;作为成熟的字母系统,其相应位形应当具有规范性。因此,有必要为满文■之词头、词中形式正形,确立■、■的书写规范。

Effect of interrupted endogenous BMP/Smad signaling on growth and steroidogenesis of porcine granulosa cells

Bone morphogenetic proteins(BMPs) play a critical role in the growth and steroidogenesis of granulosa cells(GCs).BMP signals act through membrane-bound heteromeric serine/threonine kinase receptors.Upon ligand binding,BMPs activate intracellular Smad proteins and regulate growth and apoptosis in various cell types.The objective of this study was to demonstrate the effects of BMP/Smad signal on growth and steroidogenesis of porcine GCs.A strategy of RNA interference(RNAi)-mediated 'gene silencing' of Smad4,a core molecule mediating the intracellular BMP/Smad signal transduction pathways,was used to interrupt endogenous BMP/Smad signaling.Results indicate that Smad4-small interfering RNA(siRNA) caused specific inhibition of Smad4 mRNA and protein expression after transfection.Interrupted endogenous BMP/Smad signaling significantly inhibited growth,and induced apoptosis of porcine GCs,while decreasing estradiol production.In addition,interrupted BMP/Smad signaling significantly(P<0.05) changed the expression of Cyclin D2,CDK4,Bcl-2,and Cyp19a1.These findings provide new insights into how BMP/Smad signaling regulates the growth and steroidogenesis of porcine GCs.