剖宫产率上升因素分析

目的分析剖宫产率上升因素,合理掌握剖宫产指征,确保母子平安,降低剖宫产率。方法对我院2000年1月￣2004年12月住院分娩6348例病人中的1828例有剖宫指征者进行回顾性研究。结果我院剖宫产率逐年上升,分别为17%、23%、30%、33%、37%。分析上升因素:①医疗技术水平的提高能及时筛选出各种难产。②高档医疗仪器的使用对胎儿宫内窘迫、巨大儿、多胎妊娠、脐绕颈产前诊断大为提高。③围产期保健,更新了观念。④难以承担经阴道分娩对新生儿的风险。⑤医疗赔偿制度的实施,使医护人员的心理负担加重,从而试产率降低,剖宫产率上升。⑥新式剖宫产术的开展,使医护人员与病人更容易接受,无形中放宽了剖宫产术的指征。结论我院剖宫产指征掌握基本合理,但胎儿宫内窘迫出生的符合率低,头盆不称的试产率低,子痫前期占妊娠期高血压疾病的比率低。故要做到合理控制剖宫产率,必须从胎儿宫内窘迫、头盆不称、妊娠期高血压疾病、臀位等几个方面着手,严格其指征。通过加强围产期保健,孕产期的监护,产科及新生儿医学质量的提高,合理掌握剖宫产指征,剖宫产率有可能下降。

Pyrolysis and co-pyrolysis of lignite and plastic

The study firstly discusses the pyrolysis characteristics and kinetics by thermogravimetric analysis （TGA）, and then investigates the pyrolysis of lignite and co-pyrolysis with plastic （polyethylene or polypropyl- ene） in tube furnace. Meanwhile, the research focuses on the co-pyrolysis products under different mix- ing ratios as well as pyrolysis products at different testing temperatures and heating rates. The results show that higher final testing temperature and lower heating rate contribute to bond fission in lignite pyrolysis, resulting in less char product. In co-pyrolysis, lignite acts as hydrogen donor, and the yields of char and water rise with increasing amount of plastic in the mixture, while the yields of gas and tar decrease; and a little admixture of plastic will promote the production of gas and tar. Kinetic studies indi- cate that in temperature range of 530-600℃, activation energies of lignite are higher than those of lig- nite/plastic blends, and as plastic mass ratio increases from 0% to 10%, samples need less energy to be decomposed during co-pyrolysis.

Design, Development and Test of a Small Scale Mango Juice Extractor

Mango fruit （Mangifera indica） is very rich in fibre and vitamin C which are the required nutrients for good health and easy digestion of food in human body system. However, the fruit is highly perishable in its natural state after harvest due to the chemical deterioration and environmental effects. Due to the perishable nature, abundant wastage during the production season and relative scarcity during the off season were recorded by farmers. Processing the fruit into the form that can easily be stored, preserved, packaged, transported or consumed is crucial to having the product all the year round. Besides, mango juice can be consumed freshly, processed into dry powder, mixed or blended with other juice to make fruit jams, or evaporated to concentrates. These products have a lot of potential in food and beverage industries for export and foreign exchange earnings. Therefore, a small scale machine to process mango fruits to high quality juice is highly essential to reduce the postharvest loss and then add value to the commodity. To achieve this purpose, an abrasion-macerating device （AMD） was designed, fabricated and tested for small scale mango juice extraction. Design considerations focused on the techno-economic status of the micro and small scale fruit juice processors who are the intended users of the machine. The major components of the machine included hopper, perforated drum, screw conveyor, juice outlet, waste outlet, frame, electric motor and motor stand. Other components included screw shaft, the juice collector, top cover and the transmission system. In operation, the screw conveyor conveys and presses the mango fruits against the perforated roughened drum. The abrasion/tearing process of the screw on the flesh of the fruit and further pressing against the drum squeeze enough juice out of the fruit. The juice extracted is drained through the perforated mesh of the juice channel into the juice outlet from where it is collected while the residual waste is collected at the waste outlet. The machine was tested using freshly harvested mango fruits and results obtained showed an average juice yield, extraction efficiency and extraction loss of 34,56%, 55.14% and 10.15%, respectively. These values of juice yield, extraction efficiency and low level of extraction loss indicate satisfactory performance of the machine. Powered by a 2.5 hp single-phase electric motor, the machine has a production cost of USD565 with the construction materials being locally available at affordable costs. A cottage mango juice extraction plant based on this technology can provide employment for at least two persons at the same time providing fresh juice at low costs and residual waste as an ingredient for livestock feed manufacturing.

Measuring Real Capital Adequacy in Extreme Economic Conditions： An Examination of the Swiss Banking Sector

The global financial crisis （GFC） has placed the creditworthiness of banks under intense scrutiny. In particular, capital adequacy has been called into question. Current capital requirements make no allowance for capital erosion caused by movements in the market value of assets. This paper examines default probabilities of Swiss banks under extreme conditions using structural modeling techniques. Conditional Value at Risk （CVaR） and Conditional Probability of Default （CPD） techniques are used to measure capital erosion. Significant increase in Probability of Default （PD） is found during the GFC period. The market asset value based approach indicates a much higher PD than external ratings indicate. Capital adequacy recommendations are formulated which distinguish between real and nominal capital based on asset fluctuations.

Mesocosm Hatcheries Using Semi-intensive Methodologies and Species Diversification in Aquaculture

Mesocosm hatcheries using semi-intensive culture methodologies are characterized by large tanks （40 m3） for fish larvae production at low densities （2-8 larvae/L）, with live prey production within the tank supplemented by exogenous sources of feed. Due to the high biological quality of larvae produced and low level of technological input, these methodologies are regarded as an interesting option to meet the increasing fry demand from the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to describe the experience at Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, Madeira Island, Portugal, with the establishment of a mesocosm hatchery for the production of marine fish larvae. Production trials were initiated with gilthead seabream Sparus aurata. This larval species presented faster growth in total body length （TL） per day （TL = 3.7516e~ ~293day, R2 = 0.9404）, higher survival rate （SR = 31.9%） and comparable swimbladder inflation rates （SB = 90%） to those of larvae reared with intensive methodologies. High larval performance was obtained with two candidate species for aquaculture： the red porgy Pagruspagrus （TL = 3.212e~~39day, R2 = 0.995; SR = 15.3%; SB = 95.7%） and the white seabream Diplodus sargus （TL = 3.6355e~~413day, R2= 0.9824; SR = 25%; SB --- 100%）. Testing ofa 110 m3 mesocosm rearing tank with white seabream larvae revealed limitations associated to larger tanks namely, the amount and quality of live feed required daily. First trials with striped jack （Pseudocararoc dentex） larvae resulted in low larval survival （0.04%）, but the use of a white tank avoided culture management constraints related to positive phototropism. The present results suggest that a mesocosm using semi-intensive methodologies may contribute to species diversification and consequently, to the sustainable development of aquaculture.

Discussion on the curative effect of acupuncture for polycystic ovarian syndrome

Discussion on the negative result of the paper ＂Effect of acupuncture and clomiphene in Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome： a randomized clinical trial＂ from Chinese experts were organized, and experts from Beijing, Nanjing, Chengdu who＇s major were clinical acupuncture, acupuncture research and gynecology have made their points. In-depth discussion were made by the experts from the perspective of confirmation of therapeutic program, selection of outcome indices, application of statistical analysis, the illustration of research results and clinical effects. The experts have pointed out that the negative result is commonly seen in medical research and the key point is to find out the defects of the trial so as to modify the research orientation and better serve the clinical practice.

Visible-light-promoted and photocatalyst-free trifluoromethylation of enamides

An efficient and practical method is developed for the trifluoromethylation of enamides using Umemoto's reagent as the trifluoromethylating reagent. These reactions proceeded under visible light irradiation without any photocatalyst at room temperature in good chemical yields.