Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no ...Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no condition indicators designed for determining adequate timing for applying preventive maintenance and little literature relating to the development of pavement performance. This work presented the indicators, including crack ratio （Rc）, rutting depth （DR）, international roughness index （IIR） and sideway force coefficient （CsF） to determine the adequate timing for preventive maintenance in China. The proper ranges of each indicator to apply to preventive maintenance were then recommended. They are 0.28%-1.4% for Rc, 10-15 mm for DR, 1.97-3.5 for lrR, 40--50 for CSF. Based on pavement condition survey data collected on the test roads in Hebei Province, China, on the application of slurry seal at different timings, the pavement performance was established and the adequate timings for applying slurry seal was studied. Based on benefit-cost analysis, it is suggested that the fourth year is the optimal timing for applying slurry seal based on the condition in China. A framework is established to determine the adequate timings of applying other preventive maintenance methods.展开更多
This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damasc...This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena triginffpetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems （GIS） and Agro-Ecological Zone （AEZ） models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas （which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas） for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×lO4 hm^2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×lO4 hm2 （6.25% of the total provincial area）. An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R. damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.展开更多
The ozone consumption effect and organic removal ability of metal coated cordierite ceramic honeycombs catalytic ozonation （catazone） process and ozonation process were comparatively studied by pilot-scale experimen...The ozone consumption effect and organic removal ability of metal coated cordierite ceramic honeycombs catalytic ozonation （catazone） process and ozonation process were comparatively studied by pilot-scale experiments. By Scan Electron Microscope （SEM）, Atomic Force Microscope （AFM）, BET, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, metal oxides attached to ceramic surface were found to be in the form of crystal cluster, and the pore structure of ceramics was less developed. The air flow statuses of vacant catazone and ozone contactors were inclined to be plug-flow and mixed flow, respectively. Comparing with ozonation process, the ozone mass transfer efficiency of catazone process is lower, and the ozone decomposition efficiency of catazone is higher. The former effect is more obvious in semi-batch experiment, and the latter effect is more obvious in continuous-flow experiment. Unsaturated organics removal efflciencies of the two oxidation processes are similar, and are less affected by dissolved ozone concentration when it is higher than 1 mg/L. More dissolved organics were detected in catazone process in continuous.flow reaction, and more CH3CI3 formation potential （CH3CI3FP） was removed by catazone in semi-batch mode, especially in the water with lower UV254 .展开更多
There has been much heated discussion on College English Test for non-English majors Band 4 and Band 6 because it has exerted great influence on English teaching in Chinese universities. This essay is intended to expl...There has been much heated discussion on College English Test for non-English majors Band 4 and Band 6 because it has exerted great influence on English teaching in Chinese universities. This essay is intended to explore the reliability, validity,practicality and washback of this large-scale test by focusing on CET Band 4. The author of this report discusses the merits as well as some existing problems of this test and offers some suggestions at the end of the essay.展开更多
Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and commen...Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a ＂regular＂ criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes？ This article analyses the concept of ＂hate crimes＂ via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy （mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker＇s point of view） and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient.展开更多
OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect and safety of Zuogui pill and Yougui pill, classic Y/n and Yang tonic formula （CYYTF）, in the treatment of osteoporosis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Participants aged 55...OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect and safety of Zuogui pill and Yougui pill, classic Y/n and Yang tonic formula （CYYTF）, in the treatment of osteoporosis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Participants aged 55 to 75 with osteoporosis and Kidney deficiency in Traditional Chi-nese Medicine （TCM） will be included and randomly allocated into two groups： treatment group and control group. Participants in the treatment group were treated with Zuogui pill or Yougui pill TCM formula granule, while the control group received pla- cebo. Primary outcomes are the lumbar spine on bone mineral density （BMD） （L1-4） and femoral BMD. Secondary outcomes include pain intensity, health-related quality of life （HRQoL）, bone turn- over markers and safety. RESULTS： Totally 200 patients were enrolled from December 2014 to April 2016 from four hospitals. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at baseline （P 〉 0.05） and it was good to comparability. Statistically signifi- cant differences between the two groups were ob- served for the lumbar BMD （L1-4）, pain VAS scores and HRQoL at six months and twelve months and femoral BMD at twelve months （P 〈 0.05）, but no significant differences for femoral BMD and bone turnover markers at six months （P 〉 0.05）. More- over, significant difference was observed at differ- ent time before and after treatment in terms of lum- bar spine （L1-4） BMD, femoral BMD, pain VAS scores and health-related quality of life, and there was an crossover effect between the time and groups be- fore and after treatment. In additional, in the treat- ment group, 8 patients lost to follow-up and 3 patients had adverse events （AEs） and in the control group, 10 patients lost to follow-up and 2 patients had AEs. No remarkable differences were observed between the two groups with regard to AEs, lost rate and safety （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Zuogui pill or Yougui pill could improve BMD, ease pain, relieve Kidney deficiencysyndrome, improve the quality of life osteoporosis patients, inhibit bone conversion and regulate the coupling balance of bone formation and bone resorption, but long-term efficacy should be confirmed by a longer term follow-up and larger of samples clinical randomized controlled trials.展开更多
In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we...In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we analyzed the effects of the“4+7”policy with data of 25 pilot drugs from the National Healthcare Security Administration(NHSA)from the aspects of drug price,volume,and expenditure.After the implementation of the policy,the average price of total and winning drugs was decreased by 54.47%and 73.82%,respectively,while the DDDc of non-winning drugs was decreased by only 1.54%,and the DDDc of uncertificated generic drugs was increased 83.18%.The DDDs indicating the volume of total and winning drugs was increased by 21.18%and 353.98%,respectively,and the DDDs of non-winning drugs was decreased by 61.35%.The costs of total and non-winning drugs were decreased by 44.83%and 61.94%,respectively,and the cost of winning drugs was increased by 18.87%.The“4+7”policy reduced the price and cost of pilot drugs and improved the affordability and accessibility of drugs.However,there were also problems with unexpected excessive price increases of uncertificated generic drugs and relatively high prices of non-winning products.Therefore,we highly suggested promoting the normalization and institutionalization of pooled drug procurement,enhancing the administrative capacity of local procurement platforms,and strengthening monitoring the price of non-winning,especially for the uncertificated generic drugs.展开更多
OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections(TCMIs) for treatment of primary liver cancer(PLC).METHODS:A literature review was conducted using PubMed/Medline,Cochrane Library Con...OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections(TCMIs) for treatment of primary liver cancer(PLC).METHODS:A literature review was conducted using PubMed/Medline,Cochrane Library Controlled Clinical Trials Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Scientific Journal Database(CSJD) and China Biology Medicine(CBM).Online websites including journal websites and databases of ongoing trials,as well as some Traditional Chinese Medicine journals that are not indexed in the electronic databases were also searched.RESULTS:The literature review showed that TCMIs as adjunctive medication for the treatment of PLC could regulate patient immunity,reduce bone marrow suppression,relieve clinical symptoms,and improve quality of life,as well as control disease progression and prolong survival time.CONCLUSION:Within the limitations of this review,we conclude that application of TCMIs as adjunctive medication may provide benefits for patients with PLC.Further large,high-quality trials are warranted.展开更多
基金Project(IRT1050) supported by Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Team in University, ChinaProject (2009318000027) supported by Ministry of Transport of ChinaProject(CHD2011TD002) supported by the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges, Chang’an University, China
文摘Determining the optimal timing is the core of preventive maintenance. Highway agencies always face with the challenge of determining optimal timing for preventive maintenance, particularly in China where there are no condition indicators designed for determining adequate timing for applying preventive maintenance and little literature relating to the development of pavement performance. This work presented the indicators, including crack ratio （Rc）, rutting depth （DR）, international roughness index （IIR） and sideway force coefficient （CsF） to determine the adequate timing for preventive maintenance in China. The proper ranges of each indicator to apply to preventive maintenance were then recommended. They are 0.28%-1.4% for Rc, 10-15 mm for DR, 1.97-3.5 for lrR, 40--50 for CSF. Based on pavement condition survey data collected on the test roads in Hebei Province, China, on the application of slurry seal at different timings, the pavement performance was established and the adequate timings for applying slurry seal was studied. Based on benefit-cost analysis, it is suggested that the fourth year is the optimal timing for applying slurry seal based on the condition in China. A framework is established to determine the adequate timings of applying other preventive maintenance methods.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant N0s. 41201274, D010505)The Spark Project (No. 2010GA600017) The Knowledge Innovation Program of CAS, China (No. KSCX2-YW-NF-01)
文摘This study comprehensively considered the climate, soil, terrain, and land-use type conditions suitable for Rosa damascena trigintipetala and further established an ecological suitability evaluation model of R. damascena triginffpetala in Sichuan Province, China, based on geographic information systems （GIS） and Agro-Ecological Zone （AEZ） models; then we assessed the different ecological suitability grades for this species in Sichuan Province of China and summarized the suitable land areas and spatial distribution pattern for R. damascena trigintipetala. The results show that the suitable areas （which contain highly suitable, generally suitable, and critically suitable areas） for R. damascena trigintipetala are 307.268×lO4 hm^2, which accounts for 6.34% of the total provincial area. Results also indicate that shrub land and open forest land are the major land-use types suitable for R. damascena trigintipetala, with the suitable areas of 303.162×lO4 hm2 （6.25% of the total provincial area）. An introduction test was conducted in one of the suitable areas, Xichang City, which demonstrated that R. damascena trigintipetala grows well at theexperimental sites. The quality of rose oil extracted from R. damascena trigintipetala planted in Xichang meets the Bulgaria Rose Oil Standard, thus verifying the accuracy and reliability of the ecological suitability assessment results.
文摘The ozone consumption effect and organic removal ability of metal coated cordierite ceramic honeycombs catalytic ozonation （catazone） process and ozonation process were comparatively studied by pilot-scale experiments. By Scan Electron Microscope （SEM）, Atomic Force Microscope （AFM）, BET, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis, metal oxides attached to ceramic surface were found to be in the form of crystal cluster, and the pore structure of ceramics was less developed. The air flow statuses of vacant catazone and ozone contactors were inclined to be plug-flow and mixed flow, respectively. Comparing with ozonation process, the ozone mass transfer efficiency of catazone process is lower, and the ozone decomposition efficiency of catazone is higher. The former effect is more obvious in semi-batch experiment, and the latter effect is more obvious in continuous-flow experiment. Unsaturated organics removal efflciencies of the two oxidation processes are similar, and are less affected by dissolved ozone concentration when it is higher than 1 mg/L. More dissolved organics were detected in catazone process in continuous.flow reaction, and more CH3CI3 formation potential （CH3CI3FP） was removed by catazone in semi-batch mode, especially in the water with lower UV254 .
文摘There has been much heated discussion on College English Test for non-English majors Band 4 and Band 6 because it has exerted great influence on English teaching in Chinese universities. This essay is intended to explore the reliability, validity,practicality and washback of this large-scale test by focusing on CET Band 4. The author of this report discusses the merits as well as some existing problems of this test and offers some suggestions at the end of the essay.
文摘Hate crimes are a culture phenomenon which is perceived by most as an occurrence that should be uprooted from the society. Yet, to date, we have been unable to do so. Hate crimes are the subject of research and comments by experts in various fields. In this regard, most scholars agree that a hate based crime is distinguished from a ＂regular＂ criminal offence by the motive--the attack is aimed at a victim who is part of a differentiated minority group. However, when reading the relevant documents in the area, it seems that the differences between the experts start at the most basic point--what constitutes hate crimes？ This article analyses the concept of ＂hate crimes＂ via an interdisciplinary approach aimed at flashing out the fundamental gaps in the research. We have found that the problems include, inter alia, discrepancies in the definition of hate crimes, methodological difficulties regarding validity and legitimacy （mainly due to the absence of information based on the attacker＇s point of view） and the lack of agreement on the appropriate legal methods required to deal with the ramifications of hate crimes. While part I of this paper revolves around the theoretical aspects of the questions put forth at the centre of this article, part II looks at the same questions from a legal viewpoint. The correlation between the two chapters shows the impact the methodological difficulties have on enforcement endeavors. This relation is further advanced through the examination of test cases from different countries, among them--lsrael. Finally, the article concludes by suggesting a few thoughts on the way to overcome the theoretical problems and making the enforcement efforts more efficient.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81473711),(The epigenetic research of lnc RNA in Zuoguiwan Yougui Wan inducing chondrogenic differentiation of BMSCs)Special Fund for TCM Research in the Public Interest(No.201507006-01),(Balance chiropractic therapy for cervical spondylotic radiculopathy:study protocol for a randomized parallel-controlled trial)the Shaanxi Program of Science and Technology(No.2015SF072)(Clinical Study on Taibai Cream for Treating Osseous Arthritis Based on the Academic Thought of Old Country Chinese Medicine Doctor Yan-Min Li)
文摘OBJECTIVE： To evaluate the effect and safety of Zuogui pill and Yougui pill, classic Y/n and Yang tonic formula （CYYTF）, in the treatment of osteoporosis and the underlying mechanism. METHODS： Participants aged 55 to 75 with osteoporosis and Kidney deficiency in Traditional Chi-nese Medicine （TCM） will be included and randomly allocated into two groups： treatment group and control group. Participants in the treatment group were treated with Zuogui pill or Yougui pill TCM formula granule, while the control group received pla- cebo. Primary outcomes are the lumbar spine on bone mineral density （BMD） （L1-4） and femoral BMD. Secondary outcomes include pain intensity, health-related quality of life （HRQoL）, bone turn- over markers and safety. RESULTS： Totally 200 patients were enrolled from December 2014 to April 2016 from four hospitals. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups at baseline （P 〉 0.05） and it was good to comparability. Statistically signifi- cant differences between the two groups were ob- served for the lumbar BMD （L1-4）, pain VAS scores and HRQoL at six months and twelve months and femoral BMD at twelve months （P 〈 0.05）, but no significant differences for femoral BMD and bone turnover markers at six months （P 〉 0.05）. More- over, significant difference was observed at differ- ent time before and after treatment in terms of lum- bar spine （L1-4） BMD, femoral BMD, pain VAS scores and health-related quality of life, and there was an crossover effect between the time and groups be- fore and after treatment. In additional, in the treat- ment group, 8 patients lost to follow-up and 3 patients had adverse events （AEs） and in the control group, 10 patients lost to follow-up and 2 patients had AEs. No remarkable differences were observed between the two groups with regard to AEs, lost rate and safety （P 〉 0.05）. CONCLUSION： Zuogui pill or Yougui pill could improve BMD, ease pain, relieve Kidney deficiencysyndrome, improve the quality of life osteoporosis patients, inhibit bone conversion and regulate the coupling balance of bone formation and bone resorption, but long-term efficacy should be confirmed by a longer term follow-up and larger of samples clinical randomized controlled trials.
文摘In 2018,the Chinese government identified four municipalities and seven sub-provincial cities for the implementation of the National Drug Pooled Procurement(NDPP)pilot program(the“4+7”policy).In the present study,we analyzed the effects of the“4+7”policy with data of 25 pilot drugs from the National Healthcare Security Administration(NHSA)from the aspects of drug price,volume,and expenditure.After the implementation of the policy,the average price of total and winning drugs was decreased by 54.47%and 73.82%,respectively,while the DDDc of non-winning drugs was decreased by only 1.54%,and the DDDc of uncertificated generic drugs was increased 83.18%.The DDDs indicating the volume of total and winning drugs was increased by 21.18%and 353.98%,respectively,and the DDDs of non-winning drugs was decreased by 61.35%.The costs of total and non-winning drugs were decreased by 44.83%and 61.94%,respectively,and the cost of winning drugs was increased by 18.87%.The“4+7”policy reduced the price and cost of pilot drugs and improved the affordability and accessibility of drugs.However,there were also problems with unexpected excessive price increases of uncertificated generic drugs and relatively high prices of non-winning products.Therefore,we highly suggested promoting the normalization and institutionalization of pooled drug procurement,enhancing the administrative capacity of local procurement platforms,and strengthening monitoring the price of non-winning,especially for the uncertificated generic drugs.
基金Supported by E-Institutes of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.E03008)
文摘OBJECTIVE:To investigate the application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Injections(TCMIs) for treatment of primary liver cancer(PLC).METHODS:A literature review was conducted using PubMed/Medline,Cochrane Library Controlled Clinical Trials Database,China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),China Scientific Journal Database(CSJD) and China Biology Medicine(CBM).Online websites including journal websites and databases of ongoing trials,as well as some Traditional Chinese Medicine journals that are not indexed in the electronic databases were also searched.RESULTS:The literature review showed that TCMIs as adjunctive medication for the treatment of PLC could regulate patient immunity,reduce bone marrow suppression,relieve clinical symptoms,and improve quality of life,as well as control disease progression and prolong survival time.CONCLUSION:Within the limitations of this review,we conclude that application of TCMIs as adjunctive medication may provide benefits for patients with PLC.Further large,high-quality trials are warranted.
