周作人试律诗藏书及试律诗观探论

作为新文化运动主将之一的周作人,在1936年前后,可能出于个人研究、少时记忆、打发萧斋生活或保护国粹等文化心理原因,专门收集了清代以来的百余种试律诗文献,并撰有《关于试帖》《再谈试帖》二文。周作人思考了试律诗与八股文之间存在的密切关系,认为其与中国戏剧、诗钟、对联等韵语文学也有较强的关联,而对于试律诗的具体艺术风格,也比较同意清代以来较为流行的试律诗诗法,如讲究尊题之类,且认为试律诗也有着一些通常各体诗的情味,所以较之八股文更有生命力。周作人的这种观念,显得与新文学的主张不太一致,他的这种反常行为值得深入探究,而他所收藏的试律诗文献,对于保护稀有文献和文化传统也有着一定的价值和意义。

Comparative Study on the Structural and Moisture Characteristics of Leaf from the Plantlets of Three Types of Ornamental Lilium brownii

[ Objective] The study was to compare the structural and moisture characteristics of leaf from the plantlets of three types of omamental lily（ Lilium brownii）. [ Method ] The paraffin sections of leaves of tested lily varieties were prepared and then observed under microscope, and the stomatal characteristics and moisture characteristics of tested lily varieties were measured. I Resaltl All the three ornamental lily varieties show isobilateral leaf, single layer of epicuticula and lower epidermis, and no obvious differentiation of palisade tissue and spongy tissue; their stomata distribute in lower epidermis, and the guard cells are dumbbell-shaped; all of these matedais present high moisture. For the leaf sick- ness, midrib sickness and mesophyll tissue sickness, the order was determined to be oriental lily 〉 Lilium/ongiflorum 〉 Asian lily; of the three types of ornamental lily, Ulium Iongiflorum has the largest stomatai aperture and Asian lily has the smallest; focusing the water potential and moisture, the turn was Asian lily 〉 oriental lily 〉 Lilium Iong＇fflorum. [ Condusion] The study may facilitate the artificial regulation of the growth conditions of the plantlets of ornamental lily.

Macro-micro investigation of granular materials in torsional shear test

A three-dimensional numerical torsion shear test is presented on hollow cylinder specimen which is performed on a spherical assemblage with fixed principal stress axes using the discrete element code PFC3D.Stack wall technique boundary conditions are employed and optimized to reasonably capture the microstructure evolution.Parametric studies are conducted in terms of the ratio κ,normal and shear stiffness of particles,wall stiffness and friction coefficients.Afterwards,in comparison with physical test,numerical results for a fixed principal stress angle(α=45°) are presented.The results show that the numerical test could capture the macro-micro mechanical behavior of the spherical particle assembly.The evolution of the coordination number demonstrates that particles in shear banding undergo remarkable decrease.The effects of localization on specimens illustrate that global stress and strain recorded from a hollow cylinder apparatus could not represent the localized response.The shearing band initiation and evolution from porosity and shear rate are visualized by contour lines in different shear strains.

Mesomechanical simulation of direct shear test on outwash deposits with granular discrete element method

The mechanical properties of outwash deposits which are taken as unconsolidated geo-materials with the characteristics of non-uniformity, heterogeneity and multiphase have attracted much attention in engineering. According to the results of laboratory direct shear test on the remolded samples, the soil particle parameters of numerical model based on in-situ particle size cumulative curves and 3D granular discrete element method were determined. Then, numerical experiments on different lithology, stone content and gradation composition were conducted. The results show that it is not a flat surface but a shear band that yields in the sample. The curve of particle velocity vs distance from the designed shear surface of test model that is taken as a datum plane in the vertical section of sample shows in "S" shape. The shear disturbance area is about twice the maximum diameter of stone blocks. The greater the stiffness of stone is, the rougher the shear surface is. The shear strength of outwash deposits is largely controlled by lithology and stone content, and the bite force between stone blocks is the root reason of larger friction angle. It is also shown that strain hardening and low shear dilatancy occur under high confining pressure as well as possibility of shear shrinkage. But it is easy to behave shear dilatation and strain softening under low confining pressure. The relationship between particle frictional coefficient and stone content presents an approximately quadratic parabola increase. The strain energy first increases and then drops with the increase of frictional energy. The cohesion increases with soil stiffness increasing but decreases with stone stiffness increasing. Numerical results are consistent with the laboratory test results of remolded samples, which indicate that this method can be a beneficial supplement to determine the parameters of engineering deposit bodies.

Establishment and application of the anisotropic shale-rock physical model in the observation coordinate system

No shale-rock physical model has been established in the observation coordinate system.To this end,this paper carried out anisotropic wave velocity tests on shale rock and compared the Thomsen,Daley,and Berryman solutions to characterize anisotropic acoustic wave velocity.Finally,the Daley solution was selected.Based on basic rock physical models,such as SCA and DEM methods,and combined with the Daley solution,an anisotropic shale-rock physical model was established in the observation coordinate system and applied in Well B1 in the Luzhou area,Sichuan Basin.Our research conclusions were as follows:1.for the samples from the same core,the P-wave velocities in three directions were in the order VP11>VP45>VP33,shear wave velocity VS11 was the largest,but VS33 and VS45 did not follow the law of Vs33>Vs45 for some samples;2.the Daley solution,which not only considers the accuracy requirements but also has a complete expression of P-,SV-,and SH-waves,is most suitable for characterization of anisotropic wave velocity in this study area;3.the rock physical model constructed in the observation coordinate system has high accuracy,in which the absolute value of the relative error of the P-wave slowness was between 0%and 5.05%(0.55%on average),and that of shear-wave slowness was between 0%and 6.05%(0.59%on average);4.the acoustic waves recorded in Well B1 in the observation coordinate system were very different from those in the constitutive coordinate system.The relative difference of the P-wave was between 6.76%and 30.84%(14.68%on average),and that of the S-wave was between 7.00%and 23.44%(13.99%on average).The acoustic slowness measured in the observation coordinate system,such as in a deviated well or a horizontal well section,must be converted to the constitutive coordinate system before it can be used in subsequent engineering applications;5.the anisotropic shale-rock physical model built in the observation coordinate system proposed in this paper can provide basic data and guidance for subsequent pore pressure prediction,geomechanical modeling,and fracturing stimulation design for deviated and horizontal wells.

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system （MTS）. We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The experimental results suggest that （1） the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, （2） both P- and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, （3） the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and （4） the acoustic velocities and Young＇s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane （CBM） reservoir characterization.

Micromechanical analysis of damage evolution in splitting test of asphalt mixtures

A methodology was presented relating the microstructure of asphalt mixtures to their damage behavior. Digital image techniques were used to capture the asphalt mixture microstructure, and the finite element method was used to simulate the damage evolution of asphalt mixture through splitting test. Aggregates were modeled to be linearly elastic, and the mastics were modeled to be plastically damaged. The splitting test simulation results show that the material heterogeneity, the properties of aggregates and air voids have significant effects on the damage evolution approach. The damage behavior of asphalt mixture considering material heterogeneity is quite different from that of the conventional hypothesis of homogeneous material. The results indicate that the proposed method can be extended to the numerical analysis for the other micromechanical behaviors of asphalt concrete.

Microstructure modeling and virtual test of asphalt mixture based on three-dimensional discrete element method

The objective of this work is to model the microstructure of asphalt mixture and build virtual test for asphalt mixture by using Particle Flow Code in three dimensions(PFC^(3D))based on three-dimensional discrete element method.A randomly generating algorithm was proposed to capture the three-dimensional irregular shape of coarse aggregate.And then,modeling algorithm and method for graded aggregates were built.Based on the combination of modeling of coarse aggregates,asphalt mastic and air voids,three-dimensional virtual sample of asphalt mixture was modeled by using PFC^(3D).Virtual tests for penetration test of aggregate and uniaxial creep test of asphalt mixture were built and conducted by using PFC^(3D).By comparison of the testing results between virtual tests and actual laboratory tests,the validity of the microstructure modeling and virtual test built in this study was verified.Additionally,compared with laboratory test,the virtual test is easier to conduct and has less variability.It is proved that microstructure modeling and virtual test based on three-dimensional discrete element method is a promising way to conduct research of asphalt mixture.

Levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 in gastric cancer

AIM:To evaluate the levels of preoperative serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) in gastric cancer.METHODS:One hundred gastric cancer patients who underwent gastrectomy were enrolled in this study.The serum concentrations of MMP-1 and TIMP-1 in these patients and in fifty healthy controls were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTS:Higher serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels were observed in patients than in controls (P < 0.001).Serum MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels were positively associated with morphological appearance,tumor size,depth of wall invasion,lymph node metastasis,liver metastasis,perineural invasion,and pathological stage.They were not significantly associated with age,gender,tumor location,or histological type.CONCLUSION:Increased MMP-1 and TIMP-1 were associated with gastric cancer.Although these markers are not good markers for diagnosis,these markers show in advanced gastric cancer.

Correlation of microstructural and corrosion characteristics of quaternary shape memory alloys Cu-Al-Ni-X(X=Mn or Ti)

The effects of different contents(0.4%, 0.7%, and 1.0%, mass fraction) of Mn or Ti additions on the micro structure, shape memory effect and the corrosion behaviour of Cu-Al-Ni shape memory alloys were studied by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry and electrochemical and immersion tests in NaCl solution. It was observed that the microstructure, shape memory effect and corrosion characteristics are highly sensitive to the composition variations. It was found that the highest strain recovery was with 0.7% addition of Mn or Ti. This may be attributed to the presence of precipitation with a high volume fraction and the grain refinement. The electrochemical test showed that the formation of oxide layers in both Cu-Al-Ni-Mn and Cu-Al-Ni-Ti shape memory alloys(SMAs) provided good passivation which enhanced the corrosion resistance of the alloys. Immersion test showed that in Cu-Al-Ni-Mn SMAs, pitting corrosion occurred through feebleness in the oxide layer. A corrosion product adjacent to the pits was rich in Al/Mn oxide and depleted in Cu while inside of the pit it was rich in Cu. In Cu-Al-Ni-Ti SMAs, localized corrosion occurred on the surface of the specimens and dealuminization attack was also observed in the matrix.

Individualization of Head Related Impulse Responses Using Division Analysis

For Virtual Reality(VR) to be truly immersive, it needs convincing sound to match. Due to the diversity of individual's anthropometric measurements, the individualized customization technology is needed to get convincing sound. In this paper, we proposed a simple and effective method for modeling relationships between anthropometric measurements and Head-related Impulse Response(HRIR). Considering the relationship between anthropometric measurements and different HRIR parts is complicated, we divided the HRIRs into small segments and carried out regression analysis between anthropometric measurements and each segment to establish relationship model. The results of objective simulation and subjective test indicate that the model can generate individualize HRIRs from a series of anthropometric measurements. With the individualized HRIRs, we can get more accurate acoustic localization sense than using non-individualized HRIRs.

Performance of Subsurface Constructed Wetland in River Rehabilitation

[ Objective] This study was to research the treatment effect of different media in undercurrent wetland on contamination, so as to pro- vide reference for rehabitating water body of river along small towns. [ Method ] Three different media of gravel, cobblestone and shale were used to rehabilitate water quality of contaminated river. [ Result ] Gravel, cobblestone and shale all performed well in removing TN, TP and CODw,, in contaminated water, of which gravel stuffed undercurrent wetland run best, averagely removing 49.4% TN, 34.7% and 48. 5% COD~, respectively. [ Conclusion] Undercurrent constructed wetland can effectively improve the water quality of contaminated river, and it is cheaper in cost and simpler in operation, thus suitable for generalizing in small towns of China.

Generation of 3D random meso-structure of soil-rock mixture and its meso-structural mechanics based on numerical tests

The mesoscopic failure mechanism and the macro-mechanical characteristics of soil-rock mixture(S-RM) under external load are largely controlled by S-RM's meso-structural features. The objective of this work is to improve the three-dimensional technology for the generation of the random meso-structural models of S-RM, for randomly generating irregular rock blocks in S-RM with different shapes, sizes, and distributions according to the characteristics of the rock blocks' size distribution. Based on the new improved technology, a software system named as R-SRM3 D for generation and visualization of S-RM is developed. Using R-SRM3 D, a three-dimensional meso-structural model of S-RM is generated and used to study the meso-mechanical behavior through a series of true-triaxial numerical tests. From the numerical tests, the following conclusions are obtained. The meso-stress field of S-RM is influenced by the distribution of the internal rock blocks, and the macro-mechanical characteristics of S-RM are anisotropic in 3D; the intermediate principal stress and the soil-rock interface properties have significant influence on the macro strength of S-RM.

Effect of temperature and heating rate on mechanical properties of magnesium alloy AZ31

Effects of temperature and heating rate on the mechanical properties of the tensile specimens of magnesium alloy AZ31 were experimentally investigated using a Gleeble-1500 thermo-mechanical material testing system.The metallurgraphs of the fracture section of the specimens were also experimentally observed and analyzed for exploring their failure mechanism under different temperatures and heating rates.The results show that the higher the temperature,the lower the ultimate strength of the specimens.And the higher the heating rate,the higher the ultimate strength of the specimens.The high temperatures and high heating rates will induce microvoids in the specimens which make the specimens failure under relatively low loads.

Test and evaluation of a moored microstructure recorder

A new moored microstructure recorder(MMR) is designed, developed, tested, and evaluated. The MMR directly measures the high-frequency shear of velocity fl uctuations, with which we can estimate the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy. We summarize and discuss methods for estimating the turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate. Instrument body vibrations contaminate the shear signal in an ocean fi eld experiment, and a compensating correction successfully removes this contamination. In both tank test and ocean fi eld experiment, the dissipation rate measured with the MMR agreed well with that measured using other instruments.

Pilling Segmentation for Objective Pilling Evaluation

In this paper, a pilling segmentation method was introduced for objective pilling evaluation. Traditionally, image data collected are photo-sensitive which suffered seriously from the light reflectivity from surface and color patterns on fabrics. The data used in the article were surface profile in gray level format. In this study, the background approximation by wavelet analysis approach was introduced. The original image was orthogonally decomposed and represented by sets of wavelet coefficients. The approximation coefficients were extracted at various levels and reconstructed to form a background. The results demonstrated a very effective segmentation in all tested fabrics.

Macro and micro failure mechanism of surrounding rock of small span tunnel under different stress paths

According to the different stress paths,similar model test and PFC simulation test of tunnel surrounding rock are designed to compare the failure mechanisms at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales.The following conclusions are drawn.1)Excavation unloading will disturb the surrounding rock to form a certain excavation damaged zone.2)Under the loading path,the stress of surrounding rock failure is 1.500 MPa;under the unloading path with initial stress of 60% σ_(Zmax) and 100% σ_(Zmax),the failure stress is 1.583 and 1.833 MPa respectively in the model test.3)In terms of the failure mode of rocks under different stress paths,tensile fractures first appear in two sides of the vertical walls;thereafter,the spandrel and arch foot are loosened due to the stress concentration.The fractures gradually coalesce with those occurring in the vertical walls.4)In the process of excavation unloading,the proportion of shear cracks is 35.3%,and the rock is subject to strong shear effect.The final failure surface is approximately V-shaped.5)The tangential peak stress on the vertical walls at the free face is the lowest;the vertical walls at the free face show the poorest bearing capacity and are easily subjected to tensile failure.

Earth Observations in China and the World: History and Development in 50 Years

Remote sensing, which came into being at the first International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment (ISRSE) 50 years ago, has enabled people to obtain objecive and realistic spatial and temporal information through the application of Earth observation technologies and analyze and understand the macro-level changes of the Earth system from a spaial view. The technology of Earth observaion from space has incomparable advantages in the study of the Earth. This aricle introduces the 50-year development of Earth observaion in the world and the 30-year development of Earth observaion in China and reflects on the building of China's Earth observaion system.

Therapy Response of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Advanced Liver Cancer： A Retrospective Observational Clinical Trial

Aiming at starting the ball rolling and contributing humble effort to promote CTM （Chinese traditional medicine）, we performed the present study to assess the therapy response of Chinese herbal decoction compared to conventional therapy on critical ill patients of advanced liver cancer. A total of 6 patients （1 female and 5 males） with histologically confirmed liver cancer were included in this retrospective observational clinical trial. We administered Chinese medicine （Gan Decoction, mixed with a variety of effective herbal components） to help them to recover from poor condition. In the meantime, conventional treatment of surgical resection and artery catheterization chemotherapy was applied in cases compared. In 3 cases of CTM combined treatment, the tumor marker level decreased. Residual intrahepatic metastatic sites reduced according to ultrasonography/CT imaging, and the patients felt free from the complaint of abdominal discomfort. The quality of life has been improved, we managed to have prolonged the PFS （Progression-Free-Survival） and TTP （Time-to-Progression） from the onset to date. While in 3 cases with conventional treatment only of surgical resection and artery catheterization chemotherapy, we were not able to decrease the level of tumor marker, metastatic lesions increased according to ultrasonography/CT imaging, and the patient＇s condition worsen more. We failed in having prolonged the PFS and TTP in the compared cases of conventional treatment only. The retrospective clinical study showed no OS （overall survival） benefit for liver cancer patients treated with Gan Decoction, while the QOL （quality of life） evaluation seemed to predict survival better. Chinese herbs might be an additional choice with its better benefits and tolerability in the treatment of primary liver cancer.

Effects of pre-precipitation of Cr_2N on microstructures and properties of high nitrogen stainless steel

Aging precipitation and solid solution heat treatment were carried out on three steels which have chromium content of 18%, manganese content of 12%, 15%, 18%, and nitrogen content of 0.43%, 0.53%, 0.67%, respectively. The mechanisms of precipitation and solid solution of high nitrogen anstenitic stainless steel were studied using the scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, electron probe micro analysis and mechanical testing. The results show that, Cr2N is the primary precipitate in the tested stainless steels instead of Cr23C6. Cr2N nucleates at austenitic grain boundaries and grows towards inner grains with a lameUar morphology. By means of pre-precipitation of Cr2N at 800 ~C, the microstructure of the steels at solid solution state can be refined, thus improving the strength and plasticity. After the proposed treatment, the tensile strength, the proof strength and the elongation of the tested steel reach 881 MPa, 542 MPa and 54%, respectively.