Nursing education in the United States began in the 1870s with hospital training schools modeled after the Nightingale plan. Presently there are three educational paths that students may take to become a registered nu...Nursing education in the United States began in the 1870s with hospital training schools modeled after the Nightingale plan. Presently there are three educational paths that students may take to become a registered nurse （RN）. These are the baccalaureate degree （BS）, the associate degree （AD） and the diploma. Accelerated nursing programs are also available for people who have a baccalaureate degree in another field. Nursing education and nursing practice in the United States is regulated by each of the 50 states. The focus of nursing education is the preparation of nurses who use critical thinking skills to provide comprehensive patient-centered care to a variety of clients. It is expected that nurses will function using evidence-based practice in a culturally competent, safe manner. Nursing schools must be approved by the state in which they exist. In addition to this, most nursing schools are also accredited, a voluntary process that is done by a non-governmental association. All graduates take the same licensing exam, a computer adaptive test that is from 75 to 265 items long educated graduates were first time test takers; 85.5% passed the exam. Trends in nursing education In 2008 almost 120,000 US include a focus on evidence based practice, an emphasis on safety and quality, patient education and management of chronic conditions, genetics and genomics and the use of simulation in nursing education展开更多
Background： Although emerging evidence points to benefits from Tai Chi Chuan （TCC） in improving immune system function, its effects on cellular immune responses remain under-studied. The objective of this study was...Background： Although emerging evidence points to benefits from Tai Chi Chuan （TCC） in improving immune system function, its effects on cellular immune responses remain under-studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TCC training on cellular immunity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Methods： A 2-group randomized trial design in which post-surgical, non-small cell lung cancer survivors were randomly assigned to a TCC training group （n = 16） or a control group （n = 16）. The participants in the TCC group completed a 16-week intervention. The main immune response outcome measures assayed included the ratio of T-helper cells/T-suppressor cells （CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio） and complement regulatory proteins status （CRPs; CD55 and CD59）. Using repeated measures ANOVA, the data were analyzed for the participants who completed the study （n = 27）. Results： At 16 weeks, the TCC participants showed a significantly lower increment in the expression of CD55 （p 〈 0.05） as compared to the control group. No significant between-group differences were found in the CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio or CD59 expression. There were also no significant correlations among the changes in CRPs or T lymphocyte subpopulations, either. Conclusion： A 16-week TCC intervention caused no alterations in CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio, but significantly attenuated CD55 expression among post- surgical non-small cell lung cancer survivors.展开更多
There has been an increasing number of Chinese students studying in the international program of cooperative schools. They gain more chances of learning diverse cultures at the program, meanwhile they must meet the mi...There has been an increasing number of Chinese students studying in the international program of cooperative schools. They gain more chances of learning diverse cultures at the program, meanwhile they must meet the minimum requirement, taking part in TOEFL IBT and reaching a certain level. Therefore, how to prepare for the TOEFL IBT is the most important task for the students pursuing their further study. This article mainly focuses on the features ofTOEFL IBT and the strategies of learning it.展开更多
Purpose: The present study evaluated the effects of regular participation in small-sided team handball training on body composition, osteogenic response, physical performance, and cardiovascular risk factors, as well ...Purpose: The present study evaluated the effects of regular participation in small-sided team handball training on body composition, osteogenic response, physical performance, and cardiovascular risk factors, as well as well-being and motivation, in young untrained women.Methods: Twenty-eight untrained 20- to 30-year-old women were randomized to a handball training group(HG; n = 14, height 170 ± 5 cm, weight 73 ± 11 kg, VO_(2peak) 37.7 ± 4.1 mL/min/kg) that trained 1.7 ± 0.3 times per week over 12 weeks(70 min 4 v 4 handball sessions) or an inactive control group(CG; n = 14, 169 ± 5 cm, 71 ± 12 kg, 38.1 ± 3.7 mL/min/kg). Physiological and psychological and motivational training adaptations were assessed pre-and post-intervention by dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DXA) scans, blood sampling, physical tests, and questionnaires.Results: The average heart rate(HR) over all training sessions was equal to 85% ± 6% HR_(max). Between-group intervention effects were observed in favor of HG for muscle mass(2.1%, p = 0.024), proximal femur bone mineral density(0.8%, p = 0.041), Yo-Yo IE1 intermittent endurance test level 1(IE1) performance(35%, p < 0.001), and incremental treadmill test performance(11.5%, p = 0.003), but not total fat mass(p = 0.176),mean arterial blood pressure(p = 0.328), resting HR(p = 0.219), or blood lipids(p = 0.298—0.854). In CG, no changes were observed in any of the measured physiological variables after the training period. Compared to CG, HG had an increase in intrinsic motivation(p < 0.001) and in the well-being subscale "energy"(p = 0.010).Conclusion: Participation in regular recreational team handball training organized as small-sided games has marked beneficial effects on physical performance, musculoskeletal fitness, well-being, and motivation in untrained young women.展开更多
New attacks are emerging rapidly in Information Security; hence the tools and technologies available for securing the information needs substantial upgradation as well as skills for operationalization to mitigate thes...New attacks are emerging rapidly in Information Security; hence the tools and technologies available for securing the information needs substantial upgradation as well as skills for operationalization to mitigate these attacks. It requires creation of practical training environment with tools and technologies available for Information Security. The design of Information Security courses involves scenario based hands-on-labs with real time security incidents and problems with global reach which could be customized quickly as per the scenario and user＇s requirement. In order to understand the underlying concepts as well as to learn the practical aspects of network and system security environment, an initiative has been taken and a Virtual Test Bed has been developed to meet the above objectives. It is an essential component in Information Security training concept which could be used to perform actual security attacks and remedial measures as well as to test the effectiveness of protection mechanisms and help in handling the security incidents effectively. This paper discusses the development of this Test Bed for Information Security skill development with virtual training environment using which Information Security concepts, attacks on networks/systems and practical scenarios are simulated for imparting hands on training to participants.展开更多
文摘Nursing education in the United States began in the 1870s with hospital training schools modeled after the Nightingale plan. Presently there are three educational paths that students may take to become a registered nurse （RN）. These are the baccalaureate degree （BS）, the associate degree （AD） and the diploma. Accelerated nursing programs are also available for people who have a baccalaureate degree in another field. Nursing education and nursing practice in the United States is regulated by each of the 50 states. The focus of nursing education is the preparation of nurses who use critical thinking skills to provide comprehensive patient-centered care to a variety of clients. It is expected that nurses will function using evidence-based practice in a culturally competent, safe manner. Nursing schools must be approved by the state in which they exist. In addition to this, most nursing schools are also accredited, a voluntary process that is done by a non-governmental association. All graduates take the same licensing exam, a computer adaptive test that is from 75 to 265 items long educated graduates were first time test takers; 85.5% passed the exam. Trends in nursing education In 2008 almost 120,000 US include a focus on evidence based practice, an emphasis on safety and quality, patient education and management of chronic conditions, genetics and genomics and the use of simulation in nursing education
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30840046)
文摘Background： Although emerging evidence points to benefits from Tai Chi Chuan （TCC） in improving immune system function, its effects on cellular immune responses remain under-studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TCC training on cellular immunity in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Methods： A 2-group randomized trial design in which post-surgical, non-small cell lung cancer survivors were randomly assigned to a TCC training group （n = 16） or a control group （n = 16）. The participants in the TCC group completed a 16-week intervention. The main immune response outcome measures assayed included the ratio of T-helper cells/T-suppressor cells （CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio） and complement regulatory proteins status （CRPs; CD55 and CD59）. Using repeated measures ANOVA, the data were analyzed for the participants who completed the study （n = 27）. Results： At 16 weeks, the TCC participants showed a significantly lower increment in the expression of CD55 （p 〈 0.05） as compared to the control group. No significant between-group differences were found in the CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio or CD59 expression. There were also no significant correlations among the changes in CRPs or T lymphocyte subpopulations, either. Conclusion： A 16-week TCC intervention caused no alterations in CD4＋：CD8＋ ratio, but significantly attenuated CD55 expression among post- surgical non-small cell lung cancer survivors.
文摘There has been an increasing number of Chinese students studying in the international program of cooperative schools. They gain more chances of learning diverse cultures at the program, meanwhile they must meet the minimum requirement, taking part in TOEFL IBT and reaching a certain level. Therefore, how to prepare for the TOEFL IBT is the most important task for the students pursuing their further study. This article mainly focuses on the features ofTOEFL IBT and the strategies of learning it.
基金financial support by TrygFondenNordea-fonden (Nordea-fonden 02-2011-4360)+2 种基金the Danish Handball Federation (Dansk Ha ndbold Forbund, DHF)the European Handball Federation (EHF)funded in part by the Danish and European Handball Federation
文摘Purpose: The present study evaluated the effects of regular participation in small-sided team handball training on body composition, osteogenic response, physical performance, and cardiovascular risk factors, as well as well-being and motivation, in young untrained women.Methods: Twenty-eight untrained 20- to 30-year-old women were randomized to a handball training group(HG; n = 14, height 170 ± 5 cm, weight 73 ± 11 kg, VO_(2peak) 37.7 ± 4.1 mL/min/kg) that trained 1.7 ± 0.3 times per week over 12 weeks(70 min 4 v 4 handball sessions) or an inactive control group(CG; n = 14, 169 ± 5 cm, 71 ± 12 kg, 38.1 ± 3.7 mL/min/kg). Physiological and psychological and motivational training adaptations were assessed pre-and post-intervention by dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry(DXA) scans, blood sampling, physical tests, and questionnaires.Results: The average heart rate(HR) over all training sessions was equal to 85% ± 6% HR_(max). Between-group intervention effects were observed in favor of HG for muscle mass(2.1%, p = 0.024), proximal femur bone mineral density(0.8%, p = 0.041), Yo-Yo IE1 intermittent endurance test level 1(IE1) performance(35%, p < 0.001), and incremental treadmill test performance(11.5%, p = 0.003), but not total fat mass(p = 0.176),mean arterial blood pressure(p = 0.328), resting HR(p = 0.219), or blood lipids(p = 0.298—0.854). In CG, no changes were observed in any of the measured physiological variables after the training period. Compared to CG, HG had an increase in intrinsic motivation(p < 0.001) and in the well-being subscale "energy"(p = 0.010).Conclusion: Participation in regular recreational team handball training organized as small-sided games has marked beneficial effects on physical performance, musculoskeletal fitness, well-being, and motivation in untrained young women.
文摘New attacks are emerging rapidly in Information Security; hence the tools and technologies available for securing the information needs substantial upgradation as well as skills for operationalization to mitigate these attacks. It requires creation of practical training environment with tools and technologies available for Information Security. The design of Information Security courses involves scenario based hands-on-labs with real time security incidents and problems with global reach which could be customized quickly as per the scenario and user＇s requirement. In order to understand the underlying concepts as well as to learn the practical aspects of network and system security environment, an initiative has been taken and a Virtual Test Bed has been developed to meet the above objectives. It is an essential component in Information Security training concept which could be used to perform actual security attacks and remedial measures as well as to test the effectiveness of protection mechanisms and help in handling the security incidents effectively. This paper discusses the development of this Test Bed for Information Security skill development with virtual training environment using which Information Security concepts, attacks on networks/systems and practical scenarios are simulated for imparting hands on training to participants.
