如何建立“学习型试验小组”

世界经理人网曾作过这样一次调晒:对管理工作影响最大的管理理念是什么?“学习型组织”成为得票最高的选项。 那么,如何使自己的公司成为真正的学习型组织?建立学习型组织很难吗?以下介绍的是在实际的工作中摸索出的一套建立学习型试验小组的方法和心得,或许对大家有所帮助。

浅谈中学生参加物理竞赛对学习及人生的影响

中学生物理竞赛能够激发学生学习物理的兴趣和主动性,探讨学生的学习方法,从而提高其学习能力。本文研究如何在物理竞赛大纲的基础上建立物理学体系,选择竞赛教程并合理制定学习计划。同时,全面分析中学生参加物理竞赛对其他学科学习的促进作用,发现自己的专业兴趣点,并且通过这段艰苦的竞赛经历,来为学生提供今后在人生中遇到各种困难时解决的信心和恒心。

3D Ice Shape Description Method Based on BLSOM Neural Network

When checking the ice shape calculation software,its accuracy is judged based on the proximity between the calculated ice shape and the typical test ice shape.Therefore,determining the typical test ice shape becomes the key task of the icing wind tunnel tests.In the icing wind tunnel test of the tail wing model of a large amphibious aircraft,in order to obtain accurate typical test ice shape,the Romer Absolute Scanner is used to obtain the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape on the tail wing model.Then,the batch-learning self-organizing map(BLSOM)neural network is used to obtain the 2D average ice shape along the model direction based on the 3D point cloud data of the ice shape,while its tolerance band is calculated using the probabilistic statistical method.The results show that the combination of 2D average ice shape and its tolerance band can represent the 3D characteristics of the test ice shape effectively,which can be used as the typical test ice shape for comparative analysis with the calculated ice shape.

充满希望的朝阳产业——评述《移动学习课程的试验与评估》

《移动学习课程的试验与评估》一书的适时出版，将对国际移动学习的健康成长和发展起到重要作用。

Experimental study on gas–liquid dispersion and mass transfer in shear-thinning system with coaxial mixer

The effects of impeller type, stirring power, gas flow rate, and liquid concentration on the gas–liquid mixing in a shear-thinning system with a coaxial mixer were investigated by experiment, and the overall gas holdup, relative power demand, and volumetric mass transfer coefficient under different conditions were compared. The results show that, the increasing stirring power or gas flow rate is beneficial in promoting the overall gas holdup and volumetric mass transfer coefficient, while the increasing system viscosity weakens the mass transfer in a shearing–thinning system. Among the three turbines, the six curved-blade disc turbine(BDT-6) exhibits the best gas pumping capacity; the six 45° pitched-blade disc turbine(PBDT-6) has the highest volumetric mass transfer coefficient at the same unit volume power.

Modification of B3 Model for Sealed Concrete with Additives Based on Experimental Observations

Thirteen specimens were tested out of which nine were for creep of sealed concrete and four for shrinkage test,for a period of 700 d under controlled temperature condition.The experimental results for creep and shrinkage were compared with creep and shrinkage computation model B3 and distinct discrepancies between observed and calculated creep and shrinkage strains were observed.Based on regression analysis,modification on B3 model has been formulated which will be applicable at least for concrete of characteristics strength of C40 and C50 with additives.Besides,on the basis of observation on identical specimens with varied stress strength ratio,a function is generated which accounts effect of stress strength ratio on creep.Finally,Civil Engineering community is suggested not to follow the creep prediction models without correction at least for modern concrete,as they do not account the effect of additives on its compliance function.

Experimental study on the effects of drying methods on the stabilities of lignite

The drying processes are always applied prior to the transportation or utilization of lignite, and result in notable changes in the stabilities of lignite. In this paper, the study on the effects of nitrogen and MTE drying process on the physico-chemical properties and stabilities of Zhaotung lignite was carried out. The briquettes produced by MTE drying in this study were 150 mm in dimension, and so had a much larger particle size than nitrogen- dried samples. Nitrogen adsorption, mercury intrusion porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy all suggested that drying was accompanied by the transformation of larger pores into smaller ones. Compared to nitrogen drying, the pore structures could be stabilized by the MTE process. The soluble salts were removed during MTE drying which resulted in the decrease in ash and the concentrations of some of the major metals. The removal of water enhanced the hydrophilicity of nitrogen dried samples, but did not affect the hydrophilicity of MTE dried samples. The moisture holding capacity of MTE dried samples reduced faster than nitrogen dried samples with the decrease of residual moisture content. The moisture readsorption processes of MTE dried sam- ples were strongly inhibited due to the much larger particle size of sample produced by MTE drying than nitrogen drying. The susceptibility to spontaneous combustion, indicated by cross point temperature and self-heating tests, of nitrogen and MTE dried samples increased with the decrease of residual moisture content. The MTE dried samples are more liable to spontaneous combustion than nitrogen dried samples with the same residual moisture and particle size. However, the larger particle size of the MTE product made it more stable with respect to spontaneous combustion and also moisture readsorption.

Experimental Study on Determining the Optimum Cigarette Butt Content of Modified Bituminous Mixture of Cigarette Butts

China ranks first in the world as the number of smokers. The environmental pollution and recycling problems of waste cigarette butts are becoming more and more serious. How to make better reuse of waste cigarette butts has been taken action by some countries and regions in the world. In order to study the utilization value of the cigarette butt in road performance, this test takes No. 70 matrix bitumen and waste tobacco as raw material. The optimum amount of the content of the cigarette butt in the experiment is further determined based on the test performance of the modified asphalt mixture and the modified bitumen mixture is prepared by the addition method. The performance indexes of modified bituminous mixture with different dosages were tested and studied. Combined with production and economic realities, the optimum cigarette butt content of modified asphalt mixture is determined to make the road performance optimal. This paper focuses on the determination of the best bituminous content of the bituminous mixture. Through the toxicity test of the leachate published abroad to reflect the pollution of the cigarette butt to the environment and analyze the harm to the environment, combined with the development of global reusing technology and the economic benefits brought by cigarette butts, the prospect of the utilization of waste cigarette butts is forecasted.

Experimental study of partially decoupled oxidation of ethane for producing ethylene and acetylene

With increasing amount of unconventional natural gas,the production of ethane,propane and other low alkanes continues to increase.In our previous works,a partially decoupled process(PDP) was proposed for conversion of ethane based on numerical simulations,which showed higher acetylene and ethylene selectivities than the original partial oxidation process.In the current work,the PDP of ethane for producing acetylene and ethylene was studied experimentally to verify the PDP concept.In the PDP of ethane,coke-oven gas or other cheap gas combusts with stoichiometric oxygen as heat carrier,and ethane is mixed with the heat carrier and undergoes pyrolysis at high temperatures.The jet-in-cross-flow(JICF) reactor was designed and manufactured to realize the PDP.A positioning device of 0.1 mm accuracy and a mass spectrometer were used to measure the spatial profiles of the species concentrations.The maximum combined yield(52.7%) of acetylene and ethylene was obtained even at the condition of heat loss,confirming that the PDP of ethane was advantageous over the partial oxidation process and at least comparable to the steam cracking process.

Sampled-data Iterative Learning Control for Singular Systems

Sampled-data iterative learning control (SILC) for singular systems is addressed for the first time. With the introduction of the constrained relative degree, an SILC algorithm combined with a feedback control law is proposed for singular systems. Convergence of the algorithm is proved in sup-norm, while the conventional convergence analysis is in λ-norm. The final tracking error uniformly converges to a small residual set whose level of magnitude depends on the system dynamics and the sampling-period. Due to inequalities to estimate the level of the existing results of SILC, convergence is guaranteed not only at the sampling instants but on the entire operation interval, so that the inter-sample behavior is guaranteed, which is more practical for real implementation.

Experimental and simulation study of nylon 6 solid–liquid extraction process

The solid–liquid extraction process of nylon 6 to eliminate small molecules, i.e., caprolactam(CL), cyclic dimers(CD) and cyclic trimers(CT), is investigated in detail by both batch extraction experiments and numerical simulations. In the batch extraction experiments, due to the small molecules attaching to the polymeric surface, the basic physical mechanism shifts from surface diffusion to internal diffusion as the extraction proceeded. The experimental data are well reproduced by a diffusion model consisting of two distinct steps, characterized as surface diffusion and internal diffusion. Furthermore, based on the established mass transfer mechanism and diffusion model of the two distinct steps, the equilibrium constants and internal diffusion coefficients of CL, CD and CT are acquired. An industrial countercurrent extraction tower is further simulated. It is found that the extraction efficiency of CL can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature at the bottom portion of the tower. The elimination of CD, which can be greatly promoted by a high-concentration CL-water solution, is controlled by mass transfer resistance, whereas the removal of CL is mainly affected by the equilibrium.

Study of the Influence of a Young Synthetic Leachate on the Hydromechanical Properties of a Swelling Clay

Despite the developments of sectors which aim at valorizing recyclable materials, landfills remain essential in integrated waste management. The construction of such infrastructures is an engineering challenge that must be proven over the long term. The purpose of this study is to understand the modification of the hydromechanical properties of bottom liners of landfills that may occur during their exploitation under leachate action. To do so, on the basis of its parameters of nature, a swelling clay from Burkina Faso is selected from soils of seven localities in Burkina Faso （West Africa）. Laboratory tests carried out with distilled water and then with a young synthetic leachate show a degradation of the permeability of this clay from 2.42 × 10^-10 m/s to 1.01 × 10^-9 m/s. In addition, leachate leads to an inhibition of the swelling and a remarkable increase of its compressibility, inducing significant settlement. With the increase in permeability, the primary consolidation settlement is increasing faster. Changes in the hydromechanical behavior can be attributed to the clays mineralogy, mainly cation exchange and the development of the diffuse double layer.

Experimental Study on Combustion Characteristics of Unused Biomasses in Compact Combustor

The aim of the present study is to develop the biomass furnace combustor which can effectively employ four unused biomasses, i.e., wood bark, wood branch, bamboo, and grass as a fuel. Emphasis is placed on the combustion gas components and combustion gas temperature in the combustor. It is found from the study that： （1） Four unused biomasses can take plate self combustion and the stable combustion yield; （2） Different combustion temperature distribution appears in combustor and is affected by each biomass; （3） The concentrations of nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxides are lower than the discharge standard value; （4） Higher thermal efficiency yields for bark, bamboo and grass.

第四届全国《心肺运动理论和实践》学习班和《心肺运动试验规范化操作学习班》通知

心肺运动试验是目前唯一的人体整体功能检测手段，它能连续动态记录病人静息一运动一恢复过程中以氧代谢为核心的气体交换、全导联心电图、血压、氧饱和度等，反映人体整体的功能活动，有望实现为人体整体功能状态评价、健康管理、疾病诊断、病情评估、运动康复、治疗效果评估和预后转归预测等方面提供科学的客观定量依据。在我国心肺运动的深入探讨还几近盲区，亟待以人体整体整合调控为理论基础与临床相结合向广大医务工作者介绍和推广。

第三届全国《心肺运动理论和实践》学习班和《心肺运动试验规范化操作学习班》通知

心肺运动试验是目前唯一的人体整体功能检测手段，它能连续动态记录病人静息一运动一恢复过程中以氧代谢为核心的气体交换、全导联心电图、血压、氧饱和度等，反映人体整体的功能活动，有望实现为人体整体功能状态评价、健康管理、疾病诊断、病情评估、运动康复、治疗效果评估和预后转归预测等方面提供科学的客观定量依据。在我国心肺运动的深入探讨还几近盲区，

后发企业如何进行节约型创新?

新兴经济体的后发企业经过多年的追赶,以自身特有的方式不断打破国外技术垄断,以更加低廉的成本生产制造出近乎世界一流技术水平、且更加适合中国情境的节约型创新成果。那么后发企业如何进行用更少资源为更多人创造更大收益的(less-is-more)节约型创新?本研究通过对新兴经济体中两个传统制造企业的九个节约型创新产生过程的多案例分析,研究发现:第一,外部知识来源和先前组织经验是节约型创新的前导促发条件。第二,即兴学习、试验学习与组织经验的循环是促进节约型创新产生的主要本土努力模式。第三,组织先前经验与试验学习的链条是促进节约型创新修正与完善的主要本土努力模式。第四,即兴学习与试验学习的互动是后发企业驱动节约型流程创新和产品创新的重要本土努力机制。本文的这些结论对节约型创新、后发企业追赶、组织学习等文献有着重要的理论启示,并对中国的后发企业管理者有着重要的实践启示。

跨体制创业网络结构对价值创新的影响研究

探讨了连接"体制内"和"体制外"企业的跨体制创业网络结构对创业企业价值创新的影响及作用机制。通过对228份样本数据的实证分析,结果表明,跨体制创业网络结构和创业企业试验性学习、价值创新之间均存在倒U型关系。具体而言,在创业企业上、下游跨体制网络中,国有企业比例的增加起初有利于创业企业试验性学习和价值创新的实现,但国有企业比例超出一定程度之后,反而会不利于创业企业试验性学习和价值创新的实现。进一步研究发现试验性学习在跨体制创业网络结构和价值创新之间起着中介作用。

Experimental Study on Flow Boiling of Deionized Water in a Horizontal Long Small Channel

In this paper,an experimental investigation on the flow boiling heat transfer in a horizontal long mini-channel was carried out. The mini-channel was with 2 mm wide and 1 mm deep and 900 mm long. The material of the mini-channel was stainless. The working fluid was deionized water. The experiments were conducted with the conditions of inlet pressure in the range of 0.2~0.5 MPa, mass flux in the range of 196.57-548.96 kg/m2 s, and the outlet vapor quality in the range of 0.2 to 1. The heat flux was in the range of 292.86 kW/m2 to 788.48 kW/m2,respectively. The influences of mass flux and heat flux were studied. At a certain mass flow rate, the local heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase of the heat flux. If dry-out occurred in the mini-channel, the heat transfer coefficient decreased. At the same heat flux, the local heat transfer coefficient would depend on the mass flux. It would increase with the mass flux in a certain range,and then decrease if the mass flux was beyond this range. Experimental data were compared with the results of previous studies. Flow visualization and measurements were conducted to identify flow regime transitions. Results showed that there were eight different kinds of flow patterns occurring during the flow boiling. It was found that flow pattern had a significant effect on heat transfer.

Experimental Study of Static Contact-angle on Peak-like Microstructural Surfaces Produced by PIII Technology

Plasma immersion ion implantation(PIII) was used to fabricate micro/nano structures on monocrystalline Si surfaces with different ratios of mixed gases(SF_6/O_2). The micro/nano structures on the surfaces of the sample were characterized by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and atomic force microscopy(AFM). The results showed that with increasing ratio of mixed gases(SF_6/O_2), the height of the micro/nano structures first increased and then decreased. Contact-angle measurements indicated that the surfaces' micro/nano structures have an obvious effect on the contact-angle, and could cause a change in surface wettability. The theoretical analysis of contact-angle showed that the Wenzel and Cassie theories cannot predict the contact-angle of a roughened surface accurately, and should be corrected for practical applications using an actual model. Moreover, the contact-angle first increased and then decreased with increasing ratio of mixed gases(SF_6/O_2), which is in accordance with the change of the height of micro/nano structures.

Experimental study of mean overtopping discharge at perforated caissons for non-impulsive waves

In this study, hydraulic model tests are carried out to investigate the mean overtopping discharge at perforated caisson breakwaters for non-impulsive waves. Based on the experimental data, the mean overtopping discharges of perforated and nonperforated caissons are compared. It is found that when the relative crest freeboard is smaller than 1.6, the mean overtopping discharge of a breakwater can be reduced by at least half by using perforated caissons with 35% porosity instead of nonperforated caissons. The effects of the relative crest freeboard, the caisson porosity and perforation shape, the relative wave chamber width and the relative water depth on the mean overtopping discharge at perforated caissons are clarified. Then,predictive formulas for the mean overtopping discharge at perforated caissons are developed. The predictive formulas based on the experimental data are valid in a wide range of the relative crest freeboard and involve the effects of the caisson porosity and the relative water depth. The predictive formulas developed in this study are of significance for the hydraulic design of perforated caissons.