2012年新发表CKD-EPI方程与其他两个方程的适用性比较

目的 2012年慢性肾脏病流行病学合作组(CKD-EPI)公布了两个新方程:基于胱抑素C(CysC)的CKDEPI2012cys、联合肌酐(Scr)和CysC的CKD-EPI2012scr-cys。本研究比较了这两个方程和其他两个经典方程(简化MDRD和CKD-EPI2009scr)在慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中的适用性。方法选择CKD患者和健康供肾者共248名,根据mGFR的水平分为4组:mGFR≥90,mGFR 60-89,mGFR 30-59,mGFR<30ml·min-1·(1.73m2)-1,以双血浆法99mTc-DTPA测得的肾小球滤过率(mGFR)作为参考标准,比较四种方程估算的GFR(eGFR)的绝对偏差、相关性、准确性(P20,P30)、精确度和一致性。结果 mGFR≥90ml·min-1·(1.73m2)-1时,CKD-EPI2012scr-cys的绝对偏差小于CKD-EPI2009scr(P<0.05),两个新方程的准确性均高于90%;mGFR 60-89ml·min-1·(1.73m2)-1时,两个新方程的准确性(P30)均大于其他两个方程(P<0.05);mGFR<60ml·min-1·(1.73m2)-1时,两个新方程的准确性均低于70%。结论两个新方程适用于早期肾功能损害的CKD患者和健康供肾者,且mGFR≥60 ml·min-1·(1.73m2)-1时,CKD-EPI2012scr-cys的精确度和准确性(P20)优于CKD-EPI2012cys,建议使用联合Scr和CysC的CKD-EPI2012scr-cys方程。

随机延迟微分方程Heun方法的T-稳定性

文章研究了求解随机延迟微分方程的Heun方法的T-稳定性,针对2类线性随机延迟微分试验方程,给出了相应Heun方法的2个T-稳定性条件。数值试验验证了该理论结果的正确性。

蒙版方程配墨精度的分析研究

基于试验的蒙版方程,确定目标色块的配墨比例,经过实际的配色试验检验,进行色差的测量,证明这种配墨方法色差精度提高,对于生产实践有一定指导意义。

积分微分KP层次方程的精确行波解

对KP层次方程进行积分变换和行波变换得到常微分方程,利用扩展试验方程法把求解常微分方程的问题转化为求解代数方程组的问题,根据不同情况得到了KP层次方程的钟状解、三角函数解、双曲函数解和椭圆函数解的精确表达式,这些解的显示表达式是首次求出的.这种方法对于求解非线性偏微分方程十分有效并且能够得到许多新的精确解.

基于平均寿命MSE的步进应力加速退化试验优化设计

步进应力加速退化试验常应用于高可靠性、长寿命产品的可靠性评估。为了更加准确的评估产品的可靠性,论文针对退化过程服从Wiener过程的退化型产品,提出了步进应力加速退化试验优化设计建模与分析方法。该方法在试验总费用约束下,利用蒙特卡洛仿真估计产品平均寿命的均方误差(MSE),并通过最小化MSE,确定最优的步进应力加速退化试验应力水平、样品数、参数测量间隔及测量次数等。最后,以某磁性产品为例,对该方法的有效性进行实例验证。

Optimum Constant-stress Plan for Accelerated Life Test with Censoring Ⅱ

In this paper, we obtain the optimum plan by discussing a constant-stress accelerated life test (ALT) satisfying the condition (3.3) at k stresses under an exponential distribution.

New Solutions to Generalized mKdV Equation

Trial function method is applied to solve generalized mKdV (GmKdV for short) equations. It is shownthat GmKdV equations with a real number parameter can be solved directly by this method without a transformation,and more new kinds of solitary wave solutions are obtained.

The Nonlinear Interaction Process in the Wave Assimilation Model and Its Experiments

This paper presents a composite interaction formula based on the discrete-interaction operator of wave-wave nonlinear interaction for deriving its adjoint source function in the wave assimilation model. Assimilation experiments were performed using the significant wave heights observed by the TOPES/POSEIDON satellite, and the gradient distribution in the physical space was also analyzed preliminarily.

Nonliner Analysis of a Synthesized Optimal Velocity Model for Traffic Flow

We analyze a new car-following model described by a differential-difference equation with a synthesized optimal velocity function (SOVF),which depends on the front interactions between every two adjacent vehicles instead of the weighted average headway.The model is analyzed with the use of the linear stability theory and nonlinear analysis method.The stability and neutral stability condition are obtained.We also derive the modified KdV (Korteweg-de Vries) equation and the kink-antikink soliton solution near the critical point.A simulation is conducted with integrating the differential-difference equation by the Euler scheme.The results of the numerical simulation verify the validity of the new model.

Axial bearing behavior of super-long piles in deep soft clay over stiff layers

In order to find out the bearing behavior of super-long piles located in deep soft clay over stiff layers around Dongting Lake, China, a test pile was first designed with the field loading test finished afterward. Based on the measured test results, load transfer mechanism and bearing behavior of the pile shaft were discussed in detail. Then, by introducing a bi-linear model for shaft friction and the tri-linear model for pile tip resistance, respectively, the governing differential equation of pile soil system was set up by the load transfer method with the analytical solutions derived as well, taking into account the effect by stratified feature and various bearing conditions of subsoil, material nonlinearity, and the sediment under pile tip. Furthermore, formulas to determine the axial capacity of super-long piles by the pile top settlement were advised and applied to analyze the test pile. Good agreement between the predicted load settlement variations and the measured data is obtained to verify the validity of the present method. The results also show that, the axial bearing capacity of super-long piles should be controlled by the allowable pile top settlement, and buckling stability of the pile shaft should be paid attention as well.

Exact Solutions to Nonlinear Schr(?)dinger Equation and Higher-Order Nonlinear Schr(?)dinger Equation

We study solutions of the nonlinear Schroedinger equation （NLSE） and higher-order nonlinear Sehroedinger equation （HONLSE） with variable coefficients. By considering all the higher-order effect of HONLSE as a new dependent variable, the NLSE and HONLSE can be changed into one equation. Using the generalized Lie group reduction method （CLGRM）, the abundant solutions of NLSE and HONLSE are obtained.

FEM analysis of vacuum hot bulge forming of Hastelloy C-276 thin-walled cylindrical workpiece

A stress relaxation test has been carried out for Hastelloy C-276 at temperature of 800 ~C and initial stress level of 250 MPa. Based on the experimental stress relaxation curve, the relationship between creep strain rate and stress has been derived. Then, a set of creep constitutive equations has been built and the values of constants arising in the constitutive equations have been determined by fitting the creep strain rate-stress curve. Close agreement between computed results and experimental ones is obtained for stress relaxation data. The creep constitutive equation set has been integrated with the commercial FE （finite element） solver MSC.Marc via the user defined subroutine, CRPLAW, for the vacuum hot bulge forming process modelling of Hastelloy C-276 thin-walled cylindrical workpiece. The temperature field, the radius-direction displacement field and the stress-strain field are calculated and analyzed. Furthermore, the bulging dimension and the final internal diameter of workpiece are predicted and the test results verify the reliability of the finite element method.

Oxidation kinetics regularity in spontaneous combustion of gas coal

In order to investigate the oxidation kinetics of gas coal at low temperatures, we derived a rate equation of oxygen consumption during low-temperature oxidation of gas coal and deduced an E-c equation, expressing the relation between active energy E and oxygen concentration c. The reaction order n and active energy E were calculated with this equation based on experiments of static oxygen consumption tests. In addition, we proved the rationality of the E-c equation using a kinetic compensation effect and obtained the isokinetic temperature Tc. The results show that： 1） the gas coal oxidizes easily with increasing temperature and the oxidation tends to be spontaneous at higher temperatures; 2） the oxygen concentration c affects oxygen consumption very much at lower temperatures but has only a small effect at higher temperatures; 3） the isokinetic temperature Tc was 127 ℃ which has been experimentally validated as the key turning point during low-temperature spontaneous combustion of gas coal.

Numerical simulation study of the failure evolution process and failure mode of surrounding rock in deep soft rock roadways

Based on the safety coefficient method,which assigns rock failure criteria to calculate the rock mass unit,the safety coefficient contour of surrounding rock is plotted to judge the distribution form of the fractured zone in the roadway.This will provide the basis numerical simulation to calculate the surrounding rock fractured zone in a roadway.Using the single factor and multi-factor orthogonal test method,the evolution law of roadway surrounding rock displacements,plastic zone and stress distribution under different conditions is studied.It reveals the roadway surrounding rock burst evolution process,and obtains five kinds of failure modes in deep soft rock roadway.Using the fuzzy mathematics clustering analysis method,the deep soft surrounding rock failure model in Zhujixi mine can be classified and patterns recognized.Compared to the identification results and the results detected by geological radar of surrounding rock loose circle,the reliability of the results of the pattern recognition is verified and lays the foundations for the support design of deep soft rock roadways.

Nonlinear static filtering and prediction considering quadratic terms

The parameters are considered as normal random quantities in filtering and prediction, and the observation equations usually are nonlinear ones. The nonlinear equations should be deployed in Taylor抯 formula, adopting to first power of term, by linear static filtering and prediction, and transformed into linear equations, and then the tested estimating values and their variances according to some statistical methods such as maximum tested estimation. The formulas of nonlinear static filtering and prediction, adapting to quadratic and cross terms by Taylor抯 progression formula, and the compu-tation formulas were also deduced that filtering the corresponding function nonlinear sig-nals and predicting the signals with nonlinear function. Meanwhile, it is been testified that the formula of static filtering and prediction is a special case of nonlinear filtering formulas.

The Impacts of Initial Perturbations on the Computational Stability of Nonlinear Evolution Equations

The impacts of initial perturbations on the computational stability of nonlinear evolution equations for non-conservative difference schemes and non-periodic boundary conditions are studied through theoretical analysis and numerical experiments for the case of onedimensional equations.The sensitivity of the difference scheme to initial values is further analyzed.The results show that the computational stability primarily depends on the form of the initial values if the difference scheme and boundary conditions are determined.Thus,the computational stability is sensitive to the initial perturbations.

Improved parameter selection method for mesoscopic numerical simulation test of direct tensile failure of rock and concrete

In order to numerically simulate the failure process of rock and concrete under uniaxial tension,an improved method of selecting the mechanical properties of materials was presented for the random mechanic parameter model based on the mesoscopic damage mechanics.The product of strength and elastic modulus of mesoscale representative volume element was considered to be one of the mechanical property parameters of materials and assumed to conform to specified probability distributions to reflect the heterogeneity of mechanical property in materials.With the improved property parameter selection method,a numerical program was developed and the simulation of the failure process of the rock and concrete specimens under static tensile loading condition was carried out.The failure process and complete stress-strain curves of a class of rock and concrete in stable fracture propagation manner under uniaxial tension were obtained.The simulated macroscopic mechanical behavior was compared with the available laboratory experimental observation,and a reasonable agreement was obtained.Verification shows that the improved parameter selection method is suitable for mesoscopic numerical simulation in the failure process of rock and concrete.

数值求解延时微分方程的步长准则

In this paper, we study the step criteria of numerical methods for delay differential equations, some results on step-length for Range - Kutta methods and linear multistep methods are given.

A Universal Reduced Rupture Creep Approach for Failure Behavior of Aged Glass Polymers from the Rupture Creep Compliance by the Unified Master Prediction of Long Term Short Term Test of Curved Extrapolation

The prediction of long term failure behaviors and lifetime of aged glass polymers from the short term tests of reduced rupture creep compliance （or strain） is one of difficult problems in polymer science and engineering. A new ＂universal reduced rupture creep approach＂ with exact theoretical analysis and computations is proposed in this work. Failure by creep for polymeric material is an important problem to be addressed in the engineering. A universal equation on reduced extensional failure creep compliance for PMMA has been derived. It is successful in relating the reduced extensional failure creep compliance with aging time, temperature, levels of stress, the average growth dimensional number and the parameter in K-W-W function. Based on the universal equation, a method for the prediction of failure behavior, failure strain criterion, failure time of PMMA has been developed which is named as a universal ＂reduced rupture creep approach＂. The results show that the predicted failure strain and failure time of PMMA at different aging times for different levels of stress are all in agreement with those obtained directly from experiments, and the proposed method is reliable and practical. The dependences of reduced extensional failure creep compliance on the conditions of aging time, failure creep stress, the structure of fluidized-domain constituent chains are discussed. The shifting factor, exponent for time-stress superposition at different levels of stress and the shifting factor, exponent for time-time aging superposition at different aging time are theoretically defined respectively.

A Study on Constructing Sense Relations

An empirical study is conducted to examine the effect of constructing sense relations in vocabulary teaching. Fifty subjects are divided into two groups： the controlled group which was taught with traditional method, and the experimental group to which sense relation strategy was applied in vocabulary instruction. At the end of the experiment instruction, a test （depth of vocabulary knowledge measure） was given to examine the teaching effects of the two vocabulary teaching strategies. The target words in the tests were selected from the word list that had been taught during the experiment time. A delayed vocabulary posttest was given to the subjects two weeks after examining the long-term retention effect. The third test was administered with different targets words which were selected from a different intensive reading material which wass new to the subjects. The experiment proves that constructing sense relations in vocabulary teaching could produce satisfactory results by enhancing students＇ lexical capacity and long-term retention.