诗“歌”化 乐“诗”化——对于舒曼艺术歌曲的解读

生活在浪漫主义繁荣时期的作曲家舒曼,一生中除创作了众多器乐作品,还创作了很多艺术歌曲。本文通过舒曼对艺术歌曲的选材、音乐与诗歌关系的处理以及歌唱旋律与伴奏旋律的处理等方面的分析,认为诗"歌"化、乐"诗"化是其艺术歌曲的独特魅力所在。

浅谈陶渊明诗歌中的隐士文化

陶渊明是东晋隐士文化的代表人物,他为诗歌开辟了一个新的天地,对后世产生了积极的、深远的影响。陶渊明诗歌中的隐士文化主要有以下表现：洁身自好,远离官场;热爱自然,崇尚自由;躬耕南野,与民同乐;空怀理想,寄情桃园。本文试图通过对陶诗的分析,揭示这一文化现象的内涵和特点。

Aesthetic comparison between Chinese memorial poetry and western elegy

Owing to the cultural, philosophical and religious differences, Chinese memorial poetry and western elegy show different attitudes towards death and have different ways to express it. Therefore, they have different aesthetic preference to death. This paper focuses on the basic characteristics of Chinese memorial poetry and western elegy. It analyzes the causes of these differences from the aspect of the content and style, ways of expression and cultural psychology.

Rhetoric and Meaning in Poetry： The Case of Zambia

This paper aims at showing how rhetoric and meaning in Zambian poetry interact. The work analyses the definition of poetry and gives the understanding that poetry is an artistic use of language that employs figurative language for maximum effect. The work also analyses rhetoric and concludes that the sole aim of rhetoric is to persuade the audience. The use of this rhetoric is later identified as a preoccupation of most poets. After studying a number of rhetorical devices used in poetry, the work has studied selected Zambian poems and focussed on the use of rhyme and alliteration in the poems. It has been shown that there is much use of rhyme but with limited use of alliteration. In both cases, the use is not so much to the contribution to the meaning in the poetry. The poets usually use these devices for the sake of beauty and not meaning. The paper therefore suggests that poets could undergo some formal training in composition while the art is also taught to the young while in their early years in schools.

Confucianism in Du Fu＇s Poetry and Sun Dayu＇s Translation

The great Chinese poet Du Fu＇s poetry in the Dang Dynasty has important significance in the development of the world culture. Confucianism is the main theme of his poetry, which penetrates connotation of benevolence, love of all life and self-cultivation. The famous poet Sun Dayu strived to highlight ideological content and the essence of Confucianism in Du Fu＇s poetry through translation. On the basis of deep understanding of the source text and careful choice of words, Sun Dayu mainly used literal translation, free translation and explanation in order to make the target readers know the spirit of Confucianism. His translation activities showed solicitude for national destiny and historical responsibility.

I Celebrate Myself ＆ I Sing Myself： Romulus Bucur on Romulus Bucur＇s Ditties

The present paper, in spite of its quite scandalous title, is just a serious reflection, from the inside, on a certain part of the poetry of a contemporary Romanian poet （the author of the paper himself）, in the line of a tradition starting with Poe＇s Philosophy of Composition （1846）, passing through the avant-garde and ending, for the moment, in Andy Warhol＇s self-promotion. The analysis from the inside and the honest reflection of the interplay between poetry, music, and contemporary popular culture might lead to a better understanding of the poetry made at the end of the 20th century--beginning of the 21 st century. The corpus analyzed is a series of poems written between 1994 and the present day, under the generic title of ditty, published in several books （between which a bilingual pamphlet, Ditties/Cfntecelce）, 1998）, and the paper speaks about their genesis, their poetics, and hopes to help the process of their interpretation, as well as to bring a new interpretation of the poetry/music relationship

Theory Viewing Yeats＇s Poetic Modernization From Mask

As ＂the greatest poet in the 20th century＂, Yeats is always a hot topic among academic community. The question whether Yeats is the ＂last romantic＂ or the first Modernist remains controversial for a long time in academic field. Whether critics term Yeats a modernist or not, they generally agree that the poems produced in his late creative period are definitively modernist works. This paper targets Yeats＇s realization of poetic modernization through his mask theory applied in ＂Crazy Jane＂ poems. It discusses the poetic movement in the beginning of the 20th century, the poetic theory Yeats proposed and instances Yeats＇s mask theory as the manifestation of his poetic modernization. The author argues that with his innovation in verse writing particularly demonstrated by application of mask theory in ＂Crazy Jane＂ poems, Yeats unquestionably played a very important role in Anglo-American modernist poetry.

Poetry and Cinema

Poetry can be seen as a means for communicating a message in a unique vision. The same can be applied to cinema. Literature precedes the making of a film in most cases. The preparation for a movie is written in much details, be it for stories, scenes, dialogues, storyboards, or technical descriptions. In that extend, words are the genesis of cinema. Poetry is a unique way to express one＇s point of view in a metaphoric way, far from common means of communicating a message. This purpose is the one of many a film director with daring, controversial, or highly personal ideas. The study will concentrate on the link of cinema with poetry based on the concept of rhymes and rhythms.

The Influence of Sino-Japanese Poetry on the British-American Imagist Movement

This paper, adopting the French Influential Approach, investigates the influence of the English version of Sino-Japanese poetry on the British-American Imagist Movement and finds that the influence existed in several aspects such as subject, style, syntax, meter, and aesthetics, which highlight the impact of translation on intercultural communication.

Yuan Kejia＇s Poetics and the western influence

Yuan Kejia＇s poetics is the theory about the modernization of the new poetry. Some of his specific views on ＂the poetry and non poems＂, ＂the reality and the poetry＂, ＂the experience and the poetry＂, ＂the logic of the imagination＂, and ＂the drama doctrine＂ and other problems and the poetics texts are influenced by the western poetry, poetics or the literary theories. But it is not the summary of the Chinese theories of the western poetry or the Chinese version of the western poetry or the literary theories, but an attempt to ＂use all the cultural and academic achievements to come close to the literature and understand the literature＂, to develop the Chinese noetics.

German Poetry in African Languages： The Translation of Selected German Poems From an Intercultural Perspective

The article deals with the translation of German poetry into Wolof and is based on Tamsir Annes＇s translation of German poems under the title Tdere-Woy yi/Das Buch der Lieder. My purpose in this paper is to answer the question of how elements of the vocabulary of sciences （literature and philosophy） as well as cultural specific items are rendered in the Wolof target text. Therefore, in this work, I explore methods and strategies of translation like borrowings, paraphrases, and analyze furthermore some differences noticeable in the translation of some poems at the cultural level. These analysis-steps enable the investigation of, contextually, the central issue of ＂cultural translatability＂ and the reception of translation of European poetry into African languages in general and German poetry into Wolof in particular. The article also focuses on the importance of the reception of German poetry in Wolof as a means of intercultural communication between German and Wolof-speaking countries but as means to develop African languages like Wolof in which the translation of the selected poems has been operated.

A Study on Imitating Activities ,ofHanshan Poems by Chan Buddhist Monks in SONG Dynasty

Although we have no clear picture of the life of Hanshan, a legendary TANG monk and in Collected Poems of Hanshan （Hanshan Sho＇i）, we can find either unclear ideas regarding his major thoughts or different ideologies from Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Hanshan poetry was broadly read by people belonging to various social statuses during the SONG Dynasty. His poetry was also frequently cited in Chan Buddhist literature of the period. Furthermore, SONG Chan Buddhist monks invited Hanshan into their own genealogy and regarded him as a ＂San Sheng＂ （a Free Sage）. Many Chan Buddhist monks of the SONG Dynasty used Hanshan poetry in various Chan Buddhist texts. Numerous Chan Buddhist monks even wrote so-called ＂ni Hanshan shi＂, which imitated Hanshan poetry as a kind of personal literary creation. It is understandable that when a monk imitated Hanshan poetry, he would simultaneously be both the reader and the creator of Hanshan poetry, and as we understand that every writer produces their works through their own cultural outlook, a newly-formed correlation occurred naturally between the original poetry and imitated poetry through the SONG Chan Buddhist monk＇s version. By observing this correlation, this paper will deeply analyze the dissemination and acceptance of Hanshan poetry, within Chan Buddhist society in the SONG Dynasty, as based on Chan Buddhist literature, in order to learn more about image creation and the recreation of Hanshan during the period

Wordsworth＇s Nature Poetry： An Eco-Scientific Perspective

From time immemorial down to the present decade, poets, dramatists, and fictionists have portrayed nature in different ways in their works. Critics, so far, have pointed out the mystic, didactic, and philosophical aspects of Wordsworth＇s nature poetry. In the backdrop of global deforestation and environmental degradation, traditional approaches to the evaluation of Wordsworth＇s nature poetry have lost charms and appeals to both the readers and the environmentalists. So, new approaches to the judgment of his poetry are a demand of the day. Keeping this demand in view, this paper aims at delving deep into Wordsworth＇s selected nature poems from eco-scientific point of view. Eco-scientific approach, missing in the previous analysis of his poetry, may pave the way for opening up a new trend for the new generation of readers and critics.

Culture Through Prism of Engaged Poetry

The paper is actually a literary research on （re）constructing cultural image of post-yugoslavian society, formed through literary sources, i.e., poetry. Using examples of award-winning young authors--Bojan Krivokapic, Mirko Bozic, and Sima Majic, different types of so-called engaged poetry are indicated. This kind of poetry is used to subtly, critically, or in a very subversive way relate to the existing world, but also a new postmodern identity is formed through specific and carefully chosen poetic lexis, deprived of any kind of structure or limitation. The poetry of mentioned authors is used as a provisory example in order to indicate that post-war period （as well as postmodern time） changes the perception of identity, from nationally and politically oriented structure to individual and subversive, conventions-free comprehension of Oneself. Although the three authors are very different in style and expression, what brings them together is tendency to escape conventional and traditional cultural images in order to emphasize the importance of Being Different, but Equally Rightful.

Mother Images in Carol Ann Duffy＇s Poetry

＂Mother＂ is sometimes associated with ＂other＂. The same is true in some of Carol Ann Duffy＇s poems, in which some mothers are described as institutionalized in the patriarchal society and considered as ＂the other＂, losing self-identity. Duffy also describes women fighting against the patriarchal control generation after generation until they are finally free. Some mothers exhibit their own potentials as mothers, either able to or unable to fulfill the duties of both material and spiritual caretakers of the family.

（Re）Ciphering Nations： Greece as a Constructed Illegibility in Odysseas Elytis＇s Poetry

In their attempt to construct their identity in opposition to European one, non-Western new nations with alphabets such as Greek, Hebrew, or Cyrillic, used them as a way of emphasizing difference, and thus provide symbolic spaces for the newborn nations. The illegibility of these alphabets for Western people, along with the ancient prestige of at least Hebrew and Greek, fostered the illusion of temporal continuity and provided legitimacy to their atomization projects. Odysseas Elytis （1911-1996）, Nobel Prize for Literature winner in 1979 and the last national poet of Greece, blends this old tendency in Greek culture and the broader claim of modern European poets for the essential autonomy of art and literature. His efforts to reinforce the walls separating Greece from Latin-Western culture by reinforcing the illegibility of both Greek and poetic idioms, aim at constructing a more essential Greece, founded on aesthetics, language, and writing instead of politics, institutions, or geographic borders. In this paper engaging mainly in the fields of literary and postcolonial studies, the author intends to analyze the mechanisms by which language, writing, or literature can be used to （re）cipher once again the already exclusive concept of nation, and thus to undermine every possibility of deciphering and translatability. He concludes that in “conceptually colonized” nations such as Greece, this process implies and anticolonial movement still caught nevertheless in a colonial discursivity.

A Study on the Untranslatability of Classical Chinese Poems and Untranslatability Compensation

Classical Chinese poems（CCP） is regarded as the inheritance and treasure of Chinese culture. CCP translation, on one hand, makes us have access to explore the linguistic charming and the cultural value of classical Chinese poems; on the other hand, it provides an opportunity to transmit Chinese classical culture into western culture. While translatability of CCP translation, coupled with its untranslatability is considered a contentious topic in translation circle. Admittedly, in the process of CCP translation, some problems or barriers turn out to be our stumbling stone. But generally speaking, most of the poetry are translatable and untranslatability can be transformed into translatability with certain strategies. This thesis have compared the similarities and differences between Chinese and western poems to analyze the reasons why CCP can or cannot be translated and lays much emphasis on untranslatability as well as the compensation of untranslatability. Lastly, foreignization and domestication are recommended as two strategies in CCP translation when untranslatability occurs.