语域理论视角中的诗歌分析——以A.E.Housman的一首诗为例

用系统功能语法中的语域理论,对英国诗人A.E.Housman的诗“Is My Team Plouging”中的话语语场(field of discourse)、话语基调(tenor of discourse)和话语语式(mode of discourse)等三方面情景语境因素进行分析之后,我们可发现语域理论在分析诗歌的语义语用特征中的可操作性与实用性,这有助于我们深入领会诗歌的主题意义,挖掘诗歌的美学价值,为文学文本的诠释提供多维视角。

历时构式语法视角下英语话语标记语构式变化研究

本研究从历时构式语法视角,借助COHA语料库,对英语中话语标记语构式withal的历时演变情况进行探讨。研究结果表明:该构式的历时演变过程和after all有很多相似之处,都是在经历了构式化过程之后,从介词(短语)逐渐演变为话语标记语构式,在小句中的位置更加灵活,此过程中又衍生出很多新的语用含义。此外,根据"构式污染效应假说"和"构式趋同效应假说",for all等其他与之形近的构式,亦有可能经历类似的构式化过程,并最终演变为话语标记语构式。由于"构式污染效应"的非单向性,这些构式或许会促使withal今后衍生出更多新的语用含义。

A Comparative Analysis of Teacher Talk Between Advanced and Fundamental English Major Courses

The importance of teacher talk in EFL （English as a foreign language） class has aroused much attention in China since the late 1990s. On a basis of classroom discourse analysis, this paper has observed 14 courses with 21 hours in total from advanced and fundamental grades in an English department. The classroom observation has been transcribed to analyze the features of teacher talk in various English courses in terms of five dimensions--discourse quantity, questioning types, feedback manners, interactional modification features, and conversation chains, It is found that on average there is significant difference in those five dimensions between fundamental and advanced courses. In terms of discourse quantity, the teacher talk has occupied more than 80% of the total talk amount and the total teacher talk in advanced courses is more than that in fundamental ones; the number of display questions is much more than that of referential questions; evaluative feedbacks are more than discursive ones; all of the teachers prefer to employ confirmation checks to modify students＇ answer, and half of the conversational chains are IRF （Initial-Response-Follow-up） structure while another half are full of complicated chains. The paper then provides some suggestions and implications for EFL teaching in the light of these findings.

Analysis of How to Establish a Dialogue-style Class Effectively for the Chinese Interest Course as a Foreign Language

In this paper, I take the Chinese interest class which is very common nowadays as a study subject. According to the characteristics of the Chinese interest course, I analyze how to establish a dialogue-style lesson effectively for the Chinese interest class as a foreign language. Combined with practice, I will propose some difficulties to you for advice while I summarize a number of effective ways that I succeed in my teaching.

Modes to Open a Conversation

All of us make conversations with others in a certain social context every day, though the mode to start them is various from different persons, occasions and circumstances. This paper is an attempt to analyze the variety of modes to open a conversation in different situations from the viewpoint of discourse analysis.

Survey of High School English Teachers＇ Pragmatic Failure

According to the principals of the Course Standard of English for Ordinary Senior Schools, published by China Education Ministry in 2001, the general goal of English curriculum on the basic education stage is to foster the students＇ cross-cultural awareness, which is to develop their cross-cultural communicative competence. To achieve this goal, most of all, teachers of English at high school must have a good command of cross-cultural pragmatic competence. By looking through papers in various periodicals and the Internet, the writer finds that most of the studies have coped with pragmatic failures of ESL students but few of ESL teachers＇. Therefore, this thesis studies the present situation --- how much do schoolteachers of English know about pragmatics？ What about their cross-cultural communicative competence？ Can they communicate with the native speakers fluently and appropriately？ What are the most serious problems among them in pragmatics？ What can be done to solve the problems？ With all the questions, this research has collected considerable firsthand data and information. Only after the basic situations are known overall, can actions be taken to solve the problems existing in everyday ESL teaching. So this research is necessary and urgent for the present basic English pedagogy. However, since the present writer＇s ability and research conditions are limited, it is not possible to make a wider investigation in many places. Therefore, the district --- Bameng League, Inner Mongolia, China, is selected as the basic range of the survey, the situation of which is believed to be able to represent the basic educational ones in the poor and remote districts in the north and the west of China where education is more backward. The questionnaire consists of two parts： a table of individual information and a test paper. The former investigates informants＇ basic information, including the items of name, age, sex, teaching age, title of the technical post, degree, academic career, college or university that they graduated from, working unit, grades for teaching and the others. The latter is the test paper cited from He Ziran and Yan Zhuang （1986）, that is, Chinese Students＇Pragmatic Failure in English Communication --- Survey of the Pragmatic Difference between Chinese and English. And it contains 48 items, with items of pragmalinguistic and socio-pragmatic competence mixedly arranged. 120 of the questionnaire copies were handed out and 86 are collected, but only 64 are collected. The survey covers over 10 high schools in all the 7 banners of Bameng League, including two autonomous region-class key schools and five other league-class key schools. After the investigation, the present writer carefully corrects, marks, arranges, summarizes and analyzes the questionnaire, and obtains plenty of firsthand data and information. Then some conclusions have been drawn based on the data analysis. The result of the survey shows that linguistic competence is not equal to pragmatic competence, that ESL high school English teachers may use English rather fluently, without many mistakes in vocabulary and grammar,but it does not necessarily mean that they can use the target language appropriately to communicate with native speakers without pragmatic failures, and that the informants＇ knowledge of pragmatics and their pragmatic competence are rather poor. As a result, improving their knowledge and competence in pragmatics becomes a very necessary and urgent task to develop the quality of ELT in basic educational stages. In order to solve the above problems, the writer makes some suggestions as follows： （1） Pragmatics should be required as an essential course for the English majors in colleges and universities, especially in normal colleges and universities; （2） In-service high school English teachers must study courses of pragmatics and cross-cultural communication; （3） In some poor and remote districts, if educational conditions don＇t permit, textbooks of pragmatics and cross-cultural communication must be handed out to the high school English teachers who can study by themselves, then tests are regularly held for them and certificates will be given to those who have passed the tests; （4） In some developed districts, if conditions permit, English teachers can be sent abroad to English-speaking countries for further education in order to have a good command of the English language in the authentic contexts; （5） Modern multiple medias, such as VCD or DVD videos, TV or radio programs, the Internet, should be widely and frequently applied to training teachers; （6） More native language teachers and experts from English-speaking countries must be invited to high schools to train teachers of English.