浅析口语表达中的非语法类错误

着重分析涉及语言使用的社会文化背景、语言习惯及思维方式的非语法类错误,帮助学生学会运用地道的英语表达自己的思想,提高口头表达能力。

“很+名词”构式的语法化

语言使用的过程是不断变化、不断充实丰富的过程。"很+名词"结构近来成为流行语结构,被广泛用于新闻报道以及文学作品中。这一结构的出现,替代了之前"副词+名词"的表达方法。"很+名词"结构由以前的不符合语法到后来成为流行结构,经历了四个发展阶段,在此过程中,受到了语言使用的经济原则、说话者的目的、传播的明晰性等动因的影响。用激进构式语法中的整体观,分析了此结构用法由实到虚的语法化过程。

Clustering analysis algorithm for security supervising data based on semantic description in coal mines

In order to mine production and security information from security supervising data and to ensure security and safety involved in production and decision-making,a clustering analysis algorithm for security supervising data based on a semantic description in coal mines is studied.First,the semantic and numerical-based hybrid description method of security supervising data in coal mines is described.Secondly,the similarity measurement method of semantic and numerical data are separately given and a weight-based hybrid similarity measurement method for the security supervising data based on a semantic description in coal mines is presented.Thirdly,taking the hybrid similarity measurement method as the distance criteria and using a grid methodology for reference,an improved CURE clustering algorithm based on the grid is presented.Finally,the simulation results of a security supervising data set in coal mines validate the efficiency of the algorithm.

“连”的句法研究

“连……都／也”结构中“连”字的句法属性一直存在争议。从句法的角度进行分析，“连”不属于语类中的任一类别，而是一个粘着语素，其作用是界定焦点范畴，是一焦点范畴标记，在句法表征中，“连”与焦点化成分合并后一起移位至焦点化结构的标志语位置核查焦点化成分和焦点中心语的不可解释的焦点化特征。在句法位置上，“连”与焦点化成分一起占据一个句法位置。

On the Gender of English Nouns

This research paper mainly discusses gender of English nouns and its corresponding issues. Gender in other Indo-European languages is a grammatical abstract notion, but English gender is a semantic concrete conception. English nouns can be divided into four categories： masculine, feminine, common and neuter. Gender genre of an English noun involves the choice of a pronoun that is employed to substitute it. Gender of the pronoun should be identical with its referent. However, the rule may be broken under special conditions. English has lost most word-ending inflectional changes, including grammatical gender of nouns.

Identification of refactoring opportunities for source code based on class association relationships

In order to deal with the complex association relationships between classes in an object-oriented software system,a novel approach for identifying refactoring opportunities is proposed.The approach can be used to detect complex and duplicated many-to-many association relationships in source code,and to provide guidance for further refactoring.In the approach,source code is first transformed to an abstract syntax tree from which all data members of each class are extracted,then each class is characterized in connection with a set of association classes saving its data members.Next,classes in common associations are obtained by comparing different association classes sets in integrated analysis.Finally,on condition of pre-defined thresholds,all class sets in candidate for refactoring and their common association classes are saved and exported.This approach is tested on 4 projects.The results show that the precision is over 96%when the threshold is 3,and 100%when the threshold is 4.Meanwhile,this approach has good execution efficiency as the execution time taken for a project with more than 500 classes is less than 4 s,which also indicates that it can be applied to projects of different scales to identify their refactoring opportunities effectively.

SCMR:a semantic-based coherence micro-cluster recognition algorithm for hybrid web data stream

Data aggregation from various web sources is very significant for web data analysis domain. In ad- dition, the recognition of coherence micro cluster is one of the most interesting issues in the field of data aggregation. Until now, many algorithms have been proposed to work on this issue. However, the deficiency of these solutions is that they cannot recognize the micro-cluster data stream accurately. A semantic-based coherent micro-cluster recognition algorithm for hybrid web data stream is nronosed.Firstly, an objective function is proposed to recognize the coherence micro-cluster and then the coher- ence micro-cluster recognition algorithm for hybrid web data stream based on semantic is raised. Fi-

A Re-investigation of the Concept of Word Classes Through a Categorization Approach

The concept of word classes （parts of speech） has always generated controversy among linguists. The earlier Prescriptive and Descriptive Schools might have set the pace for this controversy but the present dilemma is much deeper. Learners and even teachers are sometimes at quandary as to how to proof that a particular word belongs to a particular class. This is because a word may sometimes belong to several classes, in context as in the word ＂watch＂ which can belong to different classes. This paper therefore tries to provide answers to the problem of word class classification by using a morphological and syntactical evidence to prove that English words follow a particular range of inflections and belong to strictly ordered particular categories and do not change their class arbitrarily. This is in line with the natural perfect order of homogeneity in creation which precludes a specie from merging effectively with another specie without having to undergo some fundamental changes. Other variables were also looked into and it was concluded that teachers and learners as well, can rely on this sub-categorization approach as a reliable paradigm for their assumptions concerning word classes.

Research on natural language recognition algorithm based on sample entropy

Sample entropy can reflect the change of level of new information in signal sequence as well as the size of the new information. Based on the sample entropy as the features of speech classification, the paper firstly extract the sample entropy of mixed signal, mean and variance to calculate each signal sample entropy, finally uses the K mean clustering to recognize. The simulation results show that： the recognition rate can be increased to 89.2% based on sample entropy.

Elevative Deixis in Wano Exploring Human Social Cognition in Grammar

Wano, spoken by about 7,000 native speakers, is a Papuan language of Trans-New Guinea Phylum, Dani-Kwerba Stock, which is found in the interior of Papua of the regency of Puncak Jaya. The language is closely related to Dani, Walak, and Nggem. It is an SOV language typology that has a complex morphological system. Four spatial dimensions are morphosyntactically coded in elevative deixis, which are steepness/non-steepness distinction, proximity/distality distinction, adverbial/attributive expressions, and vertical/horizontal plane. This paper discusses the grammatical operation of a set of two-term system： ei ＂up＂ and ou ＂down＂ that serves as the basic forms for the elevational deixis in Wano.

Behavior Clustering for Anomaly Detection

We presented a novel framework for automatic behavior clustering and unsupervised anomaly detection in a large video set. The framework consisted of the following key components： 1 ） Drawing from natural language processing, we introduced a compact and effective behavior representation method as a stochastic sequence of spatiotemporal events, where we analyzed the global structural information of behaviors using their local action statistics. 2） The natural grouping of behavior patterns was discovered through a novel clustering algorithm. 3 ） A run-time accumulative anomaly measure was introduced to detect abnormal behavior, whereas normal behavior patterns were recognized when sufficient visual evidence had become available based on an online Likelihood Ratio Test （LRT） method. This ensured robust and reliable anomaly detection and normal behavior recognition at the shortest possible time. Experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and robustness of our approach using noisy and sparse data sets collected from a real surveillance scenario.

Investigation on International Students＇ Ultimate Attainment in Chinese Structural Auxiliary Word ＂De＂ （的） Acquisition

This article studies the situations of international students＇ ultimate attainment in Chinese structural auxiliary word ＂De＂ （的） acquisition through questionnaires. And we found whether international students can use all types attributive ＂De＂ （的） correctly is mainly affected by the following two factors： （1） Influenced by frequency of attribute type appears and （2） affected by its own clarity of grammatical rules. We also noticed that the international students who are able to discriminate the ＂De＂ （的） and ＂Di＂ （地） in the predicates position better than the ＂De＂ （的） and ＂Di＂ （地） in the objects position.

Improved speech absence probability estimation based on environmental noise classification

An improved speech absence probability estimation was proposed using environmental noise classification for speech enhancement.A relevant noise estimation approach,known as the speech presence uncertainty tracking method,requires seeking the "a priori" probability of speech absence that is derived by applying microphone input signal and the noise signal based on the estimated value of the "a posteriori" signal-to-noise ratio(SNR).To overcome this problem,first,the optimal values in terms of the perceived speech quality of a variety of noise types are derived.Second,the estimated optimal values are assigned according to the determined noise type which is classified by a real-time noise classification algorithm based on the Gaussian mixture model(GMM).The proposed algorithm estimates the speech absence probability using a noise classification algorithm which is based on GMM to apply the optimal parameter of each noise type,unlike the conventional approach which uses a fixed threshold and smoothing parameter.The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by objective tests,such as the perceptual evaluation of speech quality(PESQ) and composite measure.Performance was then evaluated by a subjective test,namely,mean opinion scores(MOS) under various noise environments.The proposed method show better results than existing methods.

Le Corbusier and a New Structural System as the Germ of the Modern Grammar

The opposition between the terms carcasse （carcass）, conceptualized by Auguste Perret, and ossature （frame）, proposed as an alternative by Le Corbusier, gives rise to the exploration of the capital contribution of the ＂Dom-ino＂ prototype as the basic and in escapable condition for an aesthetic operation. Some issues addressed are： the importance of the question of the structure--which remains implicit in Toward an Architecture--as key to a quest for the specificity of architecture; Le Corbusier＇s troublesome relationship with Perret and the debates between them, which convey two different ways of understanding the potential contributions of concrete to the redefinition of architectural vocabulary; the ＂Dom-ino＂ system considered as a new structural type in the sense ascribed to this category by Violletle Duc; the topic of the abri souverain （sovereign shelter） fit for all programs, which triggered typological invention; the ways in which Le Corbusier plays with Gottfried Semper＇s Urformen and, finally, how this new structural type anchors Le Corbusier＇s radical redefinition of the elements of the discipline, the making of a new grammar.

Research on Application of Data Mining in Virtual Community of Foreign Language Learning

The construction of virtual community in foreign language learning is a comprehensive foreign language learning environment integrated with foreign language vocabulary database construction and vocabulary retrieval, combining the virtual reality technology to construct the language environment of foreign language learning. The virtual community of foreign language leaming can improve the sense of language authenticity in foreign language learning and improve the quality of foreign language teaching. A method of building a virtual community for foreign language learning is proposed based on data mining technology, data acquisition and feature preprocessing model for building semantic vocabulary of foreign language learning is constructed, the linguistic environment characteristics of the semantic vocabulary data of foreign language learning is analyzed, and the semantic noumenon structure model is obtained. Fuzzy clustering method is used for vocabulary clustering and comprehensive retrieval in the virtual community of foreign language learning, the performance of vocabulary classification in foreign language learning is improved, the adaptive semantic information fusion method is used to realize the vocabulary data mining in the virtual community of foreign language learning, information retrieval and access scheduling for virtual communities in foreign language learning are realized based on data mining results. The simulation results show that the accuracy of foreign language vocabulary retrieval is good, improve the efficiency of foreign language learning.

A novel algorithm for establishing taxonomic relation of Chinese ontology

Both a general domain-independent bottom-up multi-level model and an algorithm for establishing the taxonomic relation of Chinese ontology are proposed.The model consists of extracting domain vocabularies and establishing taxonomic relation,with the consideration of characteristics unique to Chinese natural language.By establishing the semantic forests of domain vocabularies and then using the existing semantic dictionary or machine-readable dictionary(MRD),the proposed algorithm can integrate these semantic forests together to establish the taxonomic relation.Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and effective in establishing the integrated taxonomic relation among domain vocabularies and concepts.

Natural Science and the Evolution of Categorial Discourse

In the second half of the last century the problem of categories became less and less prominent in philosophical debates. This twilight of categorial discourse did not go unnoticed, and some authors offered different solutions for the revival of categorial theorizing in contemporary philosophy＇s repertoire. One of these authors is the American philosopher Stephen Pepper. The purpose of the present discussion is to offer yet another explanation for the decline of categorial theory, and to explore Pepper＇s view and its role in the transformation of categorial discourse. The main thesis which I will argue for is that traditional categories did not disappear altogether, but they have been replaced, gradually, by key empirical concepts from natural science. Even if such concepts do not satisfy the traditional requirements categories in shaping our for a categorial scheme, they are, nonetheless, fulfilling the same role as traditional worldviews.

Vari-gram language model based on word clustering

Category-based statistic language model is an important method to solve the problem of sparse data.But there are two bottlenecks:1) The problem of word clustering.It is hard to find a suitable clustering method with good performance and less computation.2) Class-based method always loses the prediction ability to adapt the text in different domains.In order to solve above problems,a definition of word similarity by utilizing mutual information was presented.Based on word similarity,the definition of word set similarity was given.Experiments show that word clustering algorithm based on similarity is better than conventional greedy clustering method in speed and performance,and the perplexity is reduced from 283 to 218.At the same time,an absolute weighted difference method was presented and was used to construct vari-gram language model which has good prediction ability.The perplexity of vari-gram model is reduced from 234.65 to 219.14 on Chinese corpora,and is reduced from 195.56 to 184.25 on English corpora compared with category-based model.

论汉语动词量化性成分的句法和语言类型效应——以英语动词系统为对比

本文系统地阐述了汉语四类语法范畴—体标记、结果补语、趋向补语和动量成分—在汉语中整齐的分布和一致的语法功能,简要追述了它们的形成及其前贤对它们的构词和句法效应的探讨。在此基础上,本文从作格化的角度对比了汉英动词的不同表现,指出汉语动词带上四类语法范畴后,作格化成为一种十分普遍的句法现象,而英语允许作格化的动词数量有限;汉语动词在动量成分阙如的情况下,名量成分可完成动量成分的功能。汉语的句法结构对这四类语法范畴具有很强的依赖性,它们内在的时体特征和语用功能强化了汉语的主题突出特征,也加强了汉语的作格性。

从两种词表看名、动、形兼类的处理

目前对兼类词性质的认识大体相同,但对兼类现象的具体处理不尽一致。本文在全面统计两种词表的基础上,得到兼类现象中以名、动、形兼类为主而动名兼类最多的认识。在常用词范围内,两种词表对名、动、形兼类的处理全同的只占三分之一左右。文章还提出名、动、形兼类处理的原则和方法:根据现代大众一般语感,以发生明显的语义转类为标准,参考权威的语文词典释义,或采用调查统计法。