Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common disorder wherein symptoms of IBS begin after an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Published studies have reported incidence of PI-IBS to range between 5% a...Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common disorder wherein symptoms of IBS begin after an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Published studies have reported incidence of PI-IBS to range between 5% and 32%. The mechanisms underlying the development of PI-IBS are not fully understood, but are believed to include persistent sub-clinical inflammation, changes in intestinal permeability and alteration of gut flora. Individual studies have suggested that risk factors for PI-IBS include patients' demographics, psychological disorders and the severity of enteric illness. However, PI-IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific disease markers and, to date, no definitive therapy exists. The prognosis of PIIBS appears favorable with spontaneous and gradual resolution of symptoms in most patients.展开更多
Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point...Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point of Chinese investment in the European Union and the United States since 2008. A new data set is used to highlight similarities and differences of Chinese investment patterns in the world＇s two biggest economies. The second part examines the policy response on both sides of the Atlantic to promote investment from China and at the same time address political and economic risks related to these new flows.展开更多
The present study is the result of an investigation of the organization of milk producers in the region of Fartura, SP, relations between the various actors in this chain of milk, the benefits obtained from this relat...The present study is the result of an investigation of the organization of milk producers in the region of Fartura, SP, relations between the various actors in this chain of milk, the benefits obtained from this relationship and classification of these properties in the dairy chain, allowing to measure productivity through the proposed indicators. Research has shown that dairy farmers in the region of Fartura had several benefits to organizing themselves as a Local Productive Arrangement or Social Networks, especially in relation to a better pay the price of a gallon of milk. To achieve these results, farmers had to invest to improve technological standards and production processes and thereby increase milk quality and productivity.展开更多
This paper proposes a multi-period portfolio investment model with class constraints, transaction cost, and indivisible securities. When an investor joins the securities market for the first time, he should decide on ...This paper proposes a multi-period portfolio investment model with class constraints, transaction cost, and indivisible securities. When an investor joins the securities market for the first time, he should decide on portfolio investment based on the practical conditions of securities market. In addition, investors should adjust the portfolio according to market changes, changing or not changing the category of risky securities. Markowitz meanvariance approach is applied to the multi-period portfolio selection problems. Because the sub-models are optimal mixed integer program, whose objective function is not unimodal and feasible set is with a particular structure, traditional optimization method usually fails to find a globally optimal solution. So this paper employs the hybrid genetic algorithm to solve the problem. Investment policies that accord with finance market and are easy to operate for investors are put forward with an illustration of application.展开更多
According to the planned schedule of Three Gorges Project: to realize initial water storage, electricity generation of first batch of hydro-generator units and open of permanent shiplock to navigation in 2003, this pa...According to the planned schedule of Three Gorges Project: to realize initial water storage, electricity generation of first batch of hydro-generator units and open of permanent shiplock to navigation in 2003, this paper presents the investment and amount of works to be completed for Three Gorges Project this year. In 2001, Three Gorges Project will be faced with a new aspect of construction: concrete pouring being in continuous high intense state; installation and erection of metallic structures, mechanical and electrical equipment as well as grouting works overall entering peaking year.展开更多
The audit profession field is the dominant force to push forward every revision of audit reporting model during many significant revisions before the beginning of the 21 st century, and they have a prominent tendency ...The audit profession field is the dominant force to push forward every revision of audit reporting model during many significant revisions before the beginning of the 21 st century, and they have a prominent tendency to protect auditing industry instead of a response to the users＇ information demand for investment decision. Traditional audit reporting model cannot satisfy the need of modem auditing, and it is essential to reconstruct current audit reporting model of modem risk-oriented auditing （MRA） during the post-financial crisis era, because it lacks communication value, valuable information, and effective alert information. The study provides the main contents about the reconstruction plan of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board （PCAOB）： auditor＇s discussion and analysis （AD＆A）, required and expanded use of emphasis paragraphs in the auditor＇s report, auditor assurance on other information outside the financial statements, and clarification of language in the standard auditor＇s report. Then, the study discusses the effects of the reconstruction of audit reporting model on different stakeholders of audit including the auditors, the investors, the regulators, and the researchers.展开更多
From the insurer＇s point of view, this paper studies the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance in the Sparre Andersen model. Under the criterion of maximizing the adjustment coefficient, the authors obtain ...From the insurer＇s point of view, this paper studies the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance in the Sparre Andersen model. Under the criterion of maximizing the adjustment coefficient, the authors obtain the closed form expressions of the optimal strategy and the maximal adjustment coefficient, and derive the explicit expression of the ruin probability or its lower bound when the claim sizes are exponentially distributed. Some numerical examples are presented, which show the impact of model parameters on the optimal values. It can also be seen that the optimal strategy to maximize the adjustment coefficient is sometimes equivalent to those which minimize the ruin probability.展开更多
文摘Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS) is a common disorder wherein symptoms of IBS begin after an episode of acute gastroenteritis. Published studies have reported incidence of PI-IBS to range between 5% and 32%. The mechanisms underlying the development of PI-IBS are not fully understood, but are believed to include persistent sub-clinical inflammation, changes in intestinal permeability and alteration of gut flora. Individual studies have suggested that risk factors for PI-IBS include patients' demographics, psychological disorders and the severity of enteric illness. However, PI-IBS remains a diagnosis of exclusion with no specific disease markers and, to date, no definitive therapy exists. The prognosis of PIIBS appears favorable with spontaneous and gradual resolution of symptoms in most patients.
文摘Chinese outward foreign direct has increased substantially in recent years, investment （OFDI） in developed economies driven by structural adjustments in China ＇s economy. This article describes the inflection point of Chinese investment in the European Union and the United States since 2008. A new data set is used to highlight similarities and differences of Chinese investment patterns in the world＇s two biggest economies. The second part examines the policy response on both sides of the Atlantic to promote investment from China and at the same time address political and economic risks related to these new flows.
文摘The present study is the result of an investigation of the organization of milk producers in the region of Fartura, SP, relations between the various actors in this chain of milk, the benefits obtained from this relationship and classification of these properties in the dairy chain, allowing to measure productivity through the proposed indicators. Research has shown that dairy farmers in the region of Fartura had several benefits to organizing themselves as a Local Productive Arrangement or Social Networks, especially in relation to a better pay the price of a gallon of milk. To achieve these results, farmers had to invest to improve technological standards and production processes and thereby increase milk quality and productivity.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin (No 09JCYBJC01800, No07JCYBJC05200)Application Mathematic Center of Liu Hui, Nankai University and Tianjin University (No2001T08)
文摘This paper proposes a multi-period portfolio investment model with class constraints, transaction cost, and indivisible securities. When an investor joins the securities market for the first time, he should decide on portfolio investment based on the practical conditions of securities market. In addition, investors should adjust the portfolio according to market changes, changing or not changing the category of risky securities. Markowitz meanvariance approach is applied to the multi-period portfolio selection problems. Because the sub-models are optimal mixed integer program, whose objective function is not unimodal and feasible set is with a particular structure, traditional optimization method usually fails to find a globally optimal solution. So this paper employs the hybrid genetic algorithm to solve the problem. Investment policies that accord with finance market and are easy to operate for investors are put forward with an illustration of application.
文摘According to the planned schedule of Three Gorges Project: to realize initial water storage, electricity generation of first batch of hydro-generator units and open of permanent shiplock to navigation in 2003, this paper presents the investment and amount of works to be completed for Three Gorges Project this year. In 2001, Three Gorges Project will be faced with a new aspect of construction: concrete pouring being in continuous high intense state; installation and erection of metallic structures, mechanical and electrical equipment as well as grouting works overall entering peaking year.
基金The authors are grateful for research supports from the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Planning Fund Project of the Ministry of Education of China （Grant No. llYJA790179） and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation, China （Grant No. ZR2010GM010）.
文摘The audit profession field is the dominant force to push forward every revision of audit reporting model during many significant revisions before the beginning of the 21 st century, and they have a prominent tendency to protect auditing industry instead of a response to the users＇ information demand for investment decision. Traditional audit reporting model cannot satisfy the need of modem auditing, and it is essential to reconstruct current audit reporting model of modem risk-oriented auditing （MRA） during the post-financial crisis era, because it lacks communication value, valuable information, and effective alert information. The study provides the main contents about the reconstruction plan of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board （PCAOB）： auditor＇s discussion and analysis （AD＆A）, required and expanded use of emphasis paragraphs in the auditor＇s report, auditor assurance on other information outside the financial statements, and clarification of language in the standard auditor＇s report. Then, the study discusses the effects of the reconstruction of audit reporting model on different stakeholders of audit including the auditors, the investors, the regulators, and the researchers.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11101215the Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China under Grant No. 09KJB110004
文摘From the insurer＇s point of view, this paper studies the optimal investment and proportional reinsurance in the Sparre Andersen model. Under the criterion of maximizing the adjustment coefficient, the authors obtain the closed form expressions of the optimal strategy and the maximal adjustment coefficient, and derive the explicit expression of the ruin probability or its lower bound when the claim sizes are exponentially distributed. Some numerical examples are presented, which show the impact of model parameters on the optimal values. It can also be seen that the optimal strategy to maximize the adjustment coefficient is sometimes equivalent to those which minimize the ruin probability.
