金刚烷胺在帕金森病患者中的应用及其影响因素

目的：调查金刚烷胺在帕金森病患者中的应用情况及其相关影响因素。方法：于2013年1月～2015年3月期间，对在我院神经科门诊及住院部就诊的帕金森病患者，行临床检查和问卷调查的方式，调查患者的一般情况、运动症状、非运动症状和治疗情况，分析金刚烷胺在帕金森病患者中的应用情况及其相关的影响因素。结果：共调查105例帕金森病患者，平均发病年龄（58．58±11．46）岁，调查时平均年龄（63．22±10．37）岁，平均病程（5．29±4．74）年。共有25名（23．8％）患者使用金刚烷胺，平均剂量为（252．00±91．83，100～600）mg，金刚烷胺平均持续使用时间为（30．69±45．63）个月，中位数为12个月。单因素分析显示，患者的发病年龄、调查时年龄、病程、异动症、使用受体激动剂、左旋多巴总剂量和左旋多巴等效剂量等因素可能与使用金刚烷胺有关（P〈0．05）。采用Logistic回归分析，发现使用金刚烷胺的帕金森病患者的调查时年龄偏低[OR0．939（0．893-0．988），P=0．014]、病程较长[OR1．202（1．077-1．342），P=0．001]。结论：金刚烷胺可长期持续有效地改善较年轻帕金森病患者的临床症状。

时空间行为调查的回顾与未来展望

随着理论与方法体系不断完善,时空间行为研究近年来越来越重视实践应用导向,同时也面临构建解释时空间行为的一般理论的使命,对研究数据提出了新的要求。本文回顾时空间行为调查的进展,认为时空间行为调查在方法上与移动定位技术的结合日益密切,数据质量得到较大提升;在内容上越来越重视个体行为的能动性以及行为的社会、环境意义。在此基础上,本文提出未来时空间行为调查的两个发展趋势:面向实践应用,融合时空间行为调查与大数据采集;面向理论构建,加强质性调查、开展追踪调查。同时,本文试图审视我国时空间行为调查的进展、优势及不足,为我国时空间行为调查的未来发展指出方向。

Selection model of trip time for rural population

Referring to the 1 248 survey data of rural population in 14 provinces of China, the influencing factors of trip time choice were analyzed. Based on the basic theory of disaggregate model and its modelling method, nine grades were selected as the alternatives of trip time, the variables affecting time choice and the method getting their values were determined, and a multinomial logit (MNL) model was developed. Another 1 200 trip data of rural population were selected to testify the model's validity. The result shows that the maximum absolute error of each period between calculated value and statistic is 3.6%, so MNL model has high calculation accuracy.

Impact of exergames on physical activity and motivation in elementary school students: A follow-up study

The present study was built upon a previous study on the new generation video game, exergame, in elementary school physical education （PE）. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect of exergames on elementary children＇s in-class physical activity （PA） intensity levels and perceived situational interest over time. The results indicated that students＇ situational interest dropped dramatically over two semesters, but their PA intensity increased over time. The results showed that boys and girls were equally active in the exergaming lessons, but boys perceived their gaming experiences more enjoyable than girls did. The findings suggest that exergames may be a possible means to enhance PA in PE. However, whether exergaming is a sustainable way to motivate children in PA is questionable.

Kinetic studies on extra heavy crude oil upgrading using nanocatalysts by applying CFD techniques

Regarding the growth of global energy consumption and the paucity of light crude oil, extracting and using heavy and extra heavy crude oil has received much more attention, but the application of this kind of oil is complicated due to its very high molecular weight. High viscosity and low flowability complicate the transportation of heavy and extra heavy crude oil. Accordingly, it is essential to reduce the viscosity of heavy and extra heavy crude oil through in-situ operations or immediate actions after extraction to reduce costs. Numerical simulations are influential methods, because they reduce calculation time and costs. In this study, the cracking of extra heavy crude oil using computational fluid dynamics is simulated, and a unique kinetic model is proposed based on experimental procedures to predict the behavior of extra heavy crude oil cracking reaction. Moreover, the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of the system and influence of nanocatalysts and temperature on the upgrading of crude oil are studied. The geometry of a reactor is produced using commercial software, and some experiments are performed to examine the validity and accuracy of the numerical results. The findings reveal that there is a good agreement between the numerical and experimental results. Furthermore, to investigate the main factors affecting the process, sensitivity analysis is adopted. Results show that type of catalyst and concentration of catalyst are the parameters that influence the viscosity reduction of extra heavy crude oil the most. The findings further revealed that when using a 25 nm SiO_2 nanocatalyst, a maximum viscosity reduction of 98.67% is observed at 623 K. Also, a catalyst concentration of 2.28 wt% is best for upgrading extra heavy crude oil. The results obtained through sensitivity analysis, simulation model, and experiments represent effectual information for the design and development of high performance upgrading processes for energy applications.

Microsurgical efficacy in 326 children with tethered cord syndrome: a retrospective analysis

Tethered cord syndrome is a progressive disease with a typically insidious onset in infants and children, and which can lead to persistent progress of neurological deficits and a high rate of disability without timely intervention. The purpose of this study was to investigate the curative effect of microsurgery in children with different types of tethered cord syndrome. In this study, we analyzed 326 patients with tethered cord syndrome, aged from 2 months to 14 years old, who were followed for 3-36 months after microscopic surgery. Based on clinical manifestations and imaging findings, these patients were classified into five types： tight ilium terminale （53 cases）, lipomyelome- ningocele （55 cases）, lipomatous malformation （124 cases）, postoperative adhesions （56 cases）, and split cord malformation （38 cases）. All patients underwent microsurgery. Curative effects were measured before and 3 months after surgery by Spina Bifida Neurological Scale based on sensory and motor functions, reflexes, and bladder and bowel function. The results showed that Spina Bifida Neurological Scale scores improved in all five types after surgery. Overall effective rates in these patients were 75%. Effective rates were 91% in tight ilium terminale, 84% in lipomyelomeningocele, 65% in lipomatous malformation, 75% in postoperative adhesion, and 79% in split cord mal- formation. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that types of tethered cord syndrome （lipoma-type or not） and symptom duration before surgery were independent influencing factors of surgical outcome. These results show that therapeutic effect is markedly different in patients with different types of tethered cord syndrome. Suitable clinical classification for tethered cord syndrome will be helpful in predicting prognosis and guiding treatment. This trial has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry （registration number： ChiCTR1800016464）.

Use of coronary CT angiography in the diagnosis of patients with suspected coronary artery disease： findings and clinical indications

Objective To investigate the clinical applications of coronary CT angiography in patients with suspected coronary artery disease and identify factors that affect CT findings. Methods Medical records of patients suspected of coronary artery disease over a period of 12 months from a tertiary teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed. Patient age, sex （male/female）, duration of symptoms and abnormal rates of coronary CT angiography scans were analysed to investigate the relationship among these parameters. The patients by age were characterized into five groups： under 36 years, 36-45 years, 46-55 years, 56455 years and more than 66 years, respectively; while the duration of symptoms was also classified into five groups： less than one week, one week to one month, one to three months, three to six months and more than six months. Results Of the 880 patient records reviewed, 800 met the above study criteria. Five hundred and forty nine patients demonstrated abnormal CT findings （68.6%）. There was no significant difference in the percentage of abnormal CT findings based on patient sex and the duration of symptoms （P = 0.14）. The abnormal rates of coronary CT angiography, however, increased significantly with increasing age （P 〈 0.001）; with patients over 65 years of age 2.5 times more likely to have an abnormal CT scan relative to a patient under 45 years. A significant difference was found between abnormal coronary CT angiography and the duration of symptoms （P = 0.012）. Conclusions Our results indicate coronary CT angiography findings are significantly related to the patient age group and duration of symptoms. Clinical referral for coronary CT angiography of patients with suspected coronary artery disease needs to be justified with regard to the judicious use of this imaging modality.

Risk factors for anastomotic leakage after low anterior resection without diversional stomas

Objective The most important complication after low anterior resection(LAR) for mid-low rectal cancer is symptomatic anastomotic leakage(AL). More than one-third of patients with rectal cancer who underwent LAR will have functional stomas during primary operation. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the risk factors associated with clinical AL following LAR without diversional stomas.Methods Between 2012 and 2017, information about 578 consecutive patients with rectal tumors less than 12 cm from the anal verge who underwent LAR without diversional stomas by the same surgical team was collected retrospectively. A standardized extraperitonealized anastomosis and pelvic drainage were conducted for all patients during primary operations, and the outcome of interest was clinical AL. The associations between AL and 14 patient-related and surgical variables were examined by both univariate chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results The AL rate was 7.27%(42 of 578). Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that male sex(P = 0.018), mid-low rectal cancer(located 10 cm or less above the anal verge)(P = 0.041), presence of diabetes(odds ratio = 2.117), longer duration of operation(odds ratio = 1.890), and intraoperative contamination(odds ratio = 2.163) were risk factors of AL for LAR without diversional stoma and independently predictive of clinical AL. Nearly 83.3%(35 of 42) of leakage could be cured by persistent pelvic irrigation-suction-drainage without surgical intervention. Only 7 patients(16.7%) with severe complications, such as peritonitis, and fistula, required reoperation, and functional stoma was used as a salvage treatment.Conclusion From the findings of this retrospective survey, we identified that mid-low rectal cancer and male sex were independent risk factors for developing clinical AL after LAR without diversional stomas, as well as longer duration of operation, presence of diabetes, and contamination of the operative field. Moreover, we deemed that LAR without diversional stomas for mid-low rectal cancers was safe, effective, and feasible. Extraperitonealized anastomosis and pelvic drainage obtained a relatively low rate of AL and avoided unnecessary functional stomas. Pelvic irrigation-suction-drainage was an effective procedure to resolve AL, and functional stoma was potentially used as a salvage modality for serious leakage.

Women as a Key to Agriculture and Food Security in Sudan： The Case Study of Northern Kordofan State

In the rural areas where most of the world＇s hungry people live, women produce most of the locally consumed food. Their contribution could be much greater if they had equal access to essential resources and services, such as land, credit, and training. In Sudan, women have always been active in agriculture and food security, constituting 17% to agricultural labor force. However, culture coupled with imperfections of official data underestimates their contribution. Accordingly, this study was carried out in the western part of Sudan, namely, North Kordofan State in order to identify and assess the role of women in agriculture and food security and identify the main factors and constraints affecting their contribution to agricultural production in the state. The findings confirm that women contribute 74% to the monthly agricultural income, 65% to total income, 62% to the labor work, and 65% to the household activities. Their average daily working hours are 14, while, those of men are only 8. The study suggests that the removal of the obstacles those women face could increase their contribution to and enhances the livelihood of the people in the state. Hence, a review to the relevant government policies is needed, so that women are empowered by improving their access to resources and credit.

Characteristics of long period microtremor and validation of microtremor array measurements in inland areas of China

To study the characteristics of long period microtremor and applicability of microtremor survey,we have made microtremor observations using long period seismometers of the China's mainland from coastal cities like Shanghai and Tianjin through Beijing,Xi'an,to the far inland cities of Lanzhou and Tianshui.The observation shows that the level of power spectrum of long period microtremors reduced rapidly from the coast to the inland area.However,the energy of long period microtremors in Beijing,Xi'an,Lanzhou and Tianshui area are only approximately ten-thousandth to thousandth of that in Shanghai.Aiming at the complexity of the underground structure in the far inland,a series of underground structure models with different distributions were assessed using three-dimensional,dynamic finite element method(FEM) analyses.The results were used to evaluate microtremor survey methods and their limitations with regard to aggregate variability and thickness determinations.Multiple-wave reflections between layers with the change of underground structure distribution occurred,which have significant effect on the performance of the different field approaches.Information over a broad spectrum from which velocity-depth profiles were produced via inversion approaches.Neither the thickness nor the shear waveVelocity V of the subsurface layer inversion results appeared over a large evaluation with increasing slope angle.In particular,when the angle of the model reached 45°,it could not be accurately evaluated using one-dimensional inversion methods.Finally,the array microtremor survey(AMS) was carried out in Shanghai City,China.Although AMS techniques do not have the layer sensitivity or accuracy(velocity and layer thickness) of borehole techniques,the obtained shear wave velocity structure is especially useful for earthquake disaster prevention and seismic analysis.

Investigation on the sleep quality of military retired cadres

Objective: To investigate the insomnia incidence and treatment status of military retired cadres and offer an instruction for their health care. Methods: We designed a questionnaires composed of general information, health-related factors, diseases, etc. Insomnia manifestations included regular sleep time, shorten sleep time and extent, time of falling asleep, sleep quality, difficultly returning to sleep after awakening at mid-night, insomnia time, etc. Results: A total of 4759 questionnaires (94.2%) were reclaimed. Dyssomnia was found in 1843 persons (38.7%), including 1006 cases of transient insomnia (44.0%) and 837 cases of acute insomnia (36.6%). Conclusion: About one third of the examined military retired cadres have sleep problems, so they should enhance the health care consciousness and receive proper nurse and treatment.

The Research of Fractal Characteristics of the Electrocardiogram in a Real Time Mode

The article presents the results of recent investigations into Holter monitoring of ECG, using non-linear analysis methods. This paper discusses one of the modern methods of time series analysis--a method of deterministic chaos theory. It involves the transition from study of the characteristics of the signal to the investigation of metric （and probabilistic） properties of the reconstructed attractor of the signal. It is shown that one of the most precise characteristics of the functional state of biological systems is the dynamical trend of correlation dimension and entropy of the reconstructed attractor. On the basis of this it is suggested that a complex programming apparatus be created for calculating these characteristics on line. A similar programming product is being created now with the support of RFBR. The first results of the working program, its adjustment, and further development, are also considered in the article.

Characteristics of User Redesign Process： A Study of Changes Made by Users in Architect-Designed Housing

Housing is dynamic. It changes with time. A sample of 60 houses in the Shagari Low Cost housing scheme in Kanra Namoda was studied in order to find out the characteristics of changes made by the users. Physical observations and questionnaires were used as the major instruments of data collection. The results show that 91% of occupants have made various changes to the original designs without the help of professional designers, and some of the changes have completely transformed the outlook of the houses in locational planning, materials and form. This implies that a post architectural design phase exists, suggesting that the design process can be divided into two phases; the initial design by the architect and the subsequent redesign by the user. The paper presents preliminary findings on the general characteristics of user redesign and concludes that a clear process can be established. The architectural design process can, therefore, be expanded to include the user redesign process in order to reflect the entire lifespan of the building.

Seismicity of the San Francisco Volcanic Field of Northern Arizona

Seismicity in northern Arizona is concentrated in a northwest-southeast trending belt that stretches from the Utah border south to the edge of the Colorado Plateau. Located within this NASB （Northern Arizona Seismic Belt） is the San Francisco volcanic field, classified by the United States Geological Survey as potentially active. The last volcanic event in the field was located at Sunset Crater and occurred less than 1,000 years ago. Eruption intervals in the volcanic field are of the same order of length of time. Seismic monitoring of the volcanic field area has improved greatly since 1985 with the establishment of new network seismic stations. This has allowed for a lowered threshold of detection of seismic events and improved location capabilities. As an example of the result of this improved ability to locate smaller tremors, two swarms have been identified in the field, the 2009 Halloween swarm near Sunset Crater volcano and the 2011 swarm near Flagstaff, the largest urban community in northern Arizona.

海口市少儿网球业余训练的现状调查及对策研究

该文以海口市少儿网球业余训练情况作为研究对象,从开展情况、教学方法、教学成效和存在问题4大方面进行调查研究,并就研究结果进行分析,探究与我市发展水平相适应的业余训练发展对策,推动我市少儿网球的发展。

Insight-HXMT observations of the first binary neutron star merger GW170817

Finding the electromagnetic （EM） counterpart of binary compact star merger, especially the binary neutron star （BNS） merger, is critically important for gravitational wave （GW） astronomy, cosmology and fundamental physics. On Aug. 17, 2017, Advanced LIGO and Fermi/GBM independently triggered the first BNS merger, GW170817, and its high energy EM counterpart, GRB 170817A, respectively, resulting in a global observation campaign covering gamma-ray, X-ray, UV, optical, IR, radio as well as neutrinos. The High Energy X-ray telescope （HE） onboard Insight-HXMT （Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope） is the unique high-energy gamma-ray telescope that monitored the entire GW localization area and especially the optical counterpart （SSS17a/AT2017gfo） with very large collection area （M000 cm2） and microsecond time resolution in 0.2-5 MeV. In addition, Insight-HXMT quickly implemented a Target of Opportunity （TOO） observation to scan the GW localization area for potential X-ray emission from the GW source. Although Insight-HXMT did not detect any significant high energy （0.2-5 MeV） radiation from GW170817, its observation helped to confirm the unexpected weak and soft nature of GRB 170817A. Meanwhile, Insight-HXMT/HE provides one of the most stringent constraints （-10-7 to 104 erg/cm2/s） for both GRB170817A and any other possible precursor or extended emissions in 0.2-5 MeV, which help us to better understand the properties of EM radiation from this BNS merger. Therefore the observation of Insight-HXMT constitutes an important chapter in the full context of multi-wavelength and multi-messenger observation of this historical GW event.

Antidepressant-like effect of active fraction of Polyrhachisvicina Roger in a rat depression model

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the antidepressant-likeeffect of active fraction of Polyrhachis vicina Roger(AFPR) in a rat depression model, and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.METHODS: AFPR was extracted with ethanol followed by petroleum ether. Its antidepressant-like effect was investigated in mice by tail suspension test(TST), forced swimming test(FST) and open field test(OPT). A repeated dose of reserpine(0.5 mg/kg, daily for 14 d) was used to establish a rat depression model. Fluoxetine was used as positive control agent. The effect of AFPR on reserpine-induced ptosis, hypothermia and akinesia, the levels of monoamines and their metabolites, and the activity of monoamine oxidase(MAO) in hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were determined.RESULTS: Administration of AFPR by gavage at 160 and 320 mg/kg significantly reduced the duration of immobility in the FST and TST, and did not affect locomotor activity in the OPT. In the reserpine-induced depression model, AFPR attenuated anhedonia, demonstrated by reversing hypothermia, akinesia and sucrose consumption. AFPR significantly increased the concentration of monoamines, including dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline and acetylcholine.CONCLUSION: AFPR normalized the metabolism rates of noradrenaline, serotonin and dopamine,and the activity of MAO, which were altered by chronic reserpine exposure. The findings suggest that modulation of the monoaminergic neurotransmitter system likely underlies the antidepressant-like effect of AFPR.

The roles of inter- and intra-sexual selection in behavioral isolation between native and invasive pupfishes

Male-male competition and female mate choice may both play important roles in driving and maintaining reproductive isolation between species. When previously allopatric species come into secondary contact with each other due to introductions, they provide an opportunity to evaluate the identity and strength of reproductive isolating mechanisms. If reproductive isolation is not maintained, hybridization may occur. We examined how reproductive isolating mechanisms medi- ate hybridization between endemic populations of the Red River pupfish Cyprinodon rubrofluviati- lis and the recently introduced sheepshead minnow C. variegatus. In lab-based dominance trials, males of both species won the same number of competitions. However, male C. rubrofluviatilis that won competitions were more aggressive than C, variegatus winners, and more aggression was needed to win against competitor C. variagatus than allopatric C. rubrofluviatilis. Duration of fights also differed based on the relatedness of the competitor. In dichotomous mate choice trials, there were no conspecific or heterospecific preferences expressed by females of either species. Our findings that male-male aggression differs between closely and distantly related groups, but female choice does not suggest that male-male competition may be the more likely mechanism to impede gene flow in this system.

Challenges and R&D opportunities of smart distribution grids in China

In this paper,5 investigations on the current states of power distribution grids in China have been introduced that cover the surveys of the practical distribution asset utilization,the simultaneity factor of feeder loading,the load compositions and characteristics,the urban reliability and the integration of distributed generations of renewable resources.Based on the survey results in the investigations,12 Facts are clearly presented.It shows that the challenges to modernize the distribution grids in China are to improve the asset utilization rates,the electricity efficiencies and the reliability of distribution systems,as well as to integrate increasing amount of variable distributed renewable resources.Furthermore based on the challenges,8 R&D opportunities have been identified.