无视科学底线的大胆创新——陈禹、谢康《知识经济的测度理论与方法》评述

中国人民大学出版社在1998年出版了一套《知识经济时代丛书》,作者多是信息科学、管理科学和经济科学方面的专家学者。其中中国人民大学信息学院院长、中国信息经济学会副理事长陈禹教授和中山大学谢康副教授(均为'作者简介'的职称和职务)合著的《知识经济的测度理论与方法》(以下简称《测度》)引人注目。因为'知识经济'的测度是一个困难的问题。

谢灵运美学思想钩玄

在我国美学思想发展史上,魏晋六朝是一个大转折时期,一些哲学家、文学艺术家、文艺理论批评家提出了许多超越前人的、重要的美学观点,对后世美学和文艺创作发生过深远影响。文学家谢灵运是将东晋玄理诗转到宋初山水诗的主导人物,他没有专门的美学或文论著作,他的美学见解散见于其所创作的诗、文、赋中。但吉光片羽,独特而新颖,闪耀着时代的光辉,值得我们重视。

我,就是我

我,1994年出生,属狗。妈妈说我是一只癞皮狗,那不是说我懒吗?爸爸说我是一只哈叭狗,那不是说我像年糕吗?我才不是什么狗啦!我就是我,一个小小的我。 我看起来很文静。

Serum Bcl-2 concentrations in overweight-obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver （FL） and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of ＂bright liver＂ and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in T-glutamyl-transpeptidase （T-GT） strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups （43 with FL and 41 with NASH）. Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.RESULTS： Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein （CRP） concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index （BMI） values （P ~ 0.0001） but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males （P = 0.0008）. γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment （HOMA） （P = 0.0003） and with serum ferritin （P = 0.02）. Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients pre- sented a weak negative correlation between Iobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients （MUOs） was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations. CONCLUSION： IvlUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associations with Other Metabolic Disorders and Cardiovascular Changes in Health Examination Population in Beijing

Objective To investigate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome(MS) and its associations with other metabolic disorders and cardiovascular changes in health examination population in Beijing.Methods Totally,10 916 individuals who received health examination in Health Examination Center of Peking Union Medical College Hospital were enrolled.The height,weight,blood pressure,serum levels of triglyceride,high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C),and fasting blood glucose were recorded.MS was diagnosed based on the working criteria of Chinese Diabetes Society 2004(CDS2004).Meanwhile,other metabolic disorders,including fatty liver and hyperuricemia,were recorded.The cardiovascular changes were reflected by the reports of electrocardiogram(ECG) ST-T changes and atherosclerosis of retinal arteries.Results The overall prevalence rate of MS was 6.1%(666/10 916) in the population.The prevalence rate of MS in male was much higher than that in female(9.0% vs.2.7%,P=0.000).For individuals with MS,the prevalence rates of fatty liver and hyperuricemia were significantly higher than those without MS,respectively(70.4% vs.35.4%,P=0.000;29.9% vs.17.7%,P=0.000).As for cardiovascular changes,the prevalence rates of ECG ST-T changes and atherosclerosis of retinal arteries were significantly higher in individuals with MS than those without MS,respectively(13.8% vs.11.7%,P=0.012;12.0% vs.6.8%,P=0.000).Conclusions The prevalence of MS in Beijing population is high.The individuals with MS have a higher risk for other metabolic disorders and cardiovascular changes.

Associations between walking parameters and subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults: A 2-year follow-up study

Purpose: This 2-year follow-up study aimed to examine the associations between total volume, frequency, duration, and speed of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty in older adults.Methods: A total of 800 older adults aged 65 years and over participated in the first survey in 2012 and 511 of them were followed 2 years later.The 5-item Athens Insomnia Scale(AIS-5) was used to measure sleep difficulty. Frequency, duration, and speed of outdoor walking were self-reported. Walking speed was assigned a metabolic equivalent value(MET) from 2.5 to 4.5. Total walking volume in MET-h/week was calculated as frequency × duration × speed. Negative binomial regressions were performed to examine the associations between volume and components of walking with subsequent sleep difficulty with covariates of age, sex, education, marital status, living arrangement, smoking, alcohol consumption, mental health, Charlson Index, exercise(excluding walking), and sleep difficulty at baseline.Results: Participants with low walking volume had a higher level of sleep difficulty 2 years later compared with those with high walking volume(incident rate ratios = 1.61, p = 0.004). When speed, frequency, and duration of walking were simultaneously entered into 1 model, only walking speed was significantly associated with subsequent sleep difficulty(after the model was adjusted for covariates and baseline sleep difficulty).Sensitivity analyses showed that walking duration emerged as a significant predictor among 3 walking parameters, with 2-year changes of sleep scores as dependent variable.Conclusion: Total amount of walking(especially faster walking and lasting for more than 20 min) is associated with less subsequent sleep difficulty after 2 years among older adults.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF PARACETAMOL ORALLY DISINTEGRATING AND GENERAL TABLETS IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective To compare the pharmacokinetics and relative biological availability of Paracetatool orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets in healthy volunteers. Methods In a random two periods crossover study, 19 healthy male Chinses volunteers received a single dose of Paracetamol 500mg of two formularies respectively. The plasma concentration of paracetamol was determined by HPLC method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of the two preparation and the relative biological availability of Paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets were caculated with statistical analysis. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets were （ 31436. 70 ± 7062. 80 μg · h^ -1· L^-1 and （29871.40 ± 7965.04） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 for AUC0-1 （33295. 7 ±7663. 10） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 and（31845. 20 ± 8830. 83 ） μg · h^ -1· L^-1 forAUC0-1（9. 71 ±2. 78） μg/ml and（10. 36 ±3. 86） μg/mlfor Cmax; （0. 82 ±0. 45）h and （0. 74± 0.67）hforTmax;（2.90±0. 42）h and （3. 13 ±0. 67）h for T1/2ke;（0.24 ±0.04） and （0.23 ±0.04） for Ke; （4. 1481±0. 4492 ） and （4. 0771 ±0. 8131 ） for mean residence time （ MRT） , respectively. Variance analysis showed that there was significant difference in AUC0-12 and Cmax between the two preparations. Conclusion The paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets and general tablets are bioequivalent and the relative biological availability of Paracetamol orally disintegrating tablets is （ 108 ± 19） %.

PHARMACOKINETICS OF MAGNESIUM ISOGLYCYRRHI-ZINATE AFTER SINGLE INTRAVENOUS DOSE IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS

Objective To study the pharmacokinetics of intravenous magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection in health volunteers with HPLC-UV. Methods Single doses of 2OOmg magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate were administrated to 10 health volunteers by i. v. infusion. The concentrations of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate in plasma were assayed by HPLC-UV method. The pharmacokinetic parameters of magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate injection were calculated by program 3P87. Results The main pharmacokinetic parameters of intravenous magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate were as follows： cmax （ 67. 58 ± 8. 84 ） mg/L, T1/2α （ 1.46 ± 0. 35 ） h, T1/2β （ 23. 95 ± 4. 72 ） h, Vd （ 2. 921 ± 0. 382） L, CL （0. 186 ±0. 048） L/h,k10（0. 064 ±0. 016） h^-1, AUC0-T（1015.29 ±225. 14） mg·h^-1·L^-1 ,respectively. Conclusion We have successfully used the analytical method for magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate to study its pharmacokinetical properties of health volunteers after i. v. infusion. The method is found to be simple, accurate, stable and sensitive for application in clinical pharmacokinetics study. The concentration-time plot was fitted to a two-compartment open model with first-order elimination.

我是一朵牵牛花

我,是一朵花,一朵牵牛花,我的一生很短,但我会做好每一件事。我,沉睡在泥土里,等待着适合我生长的温度。过了几天,我感到我很有力量了,于是,我冲破了泥土的包围,露出了地面,来到了这个大千世界。周围很多花都比我娇艳,只有我是这么的平凡,但我努力着,向地下伸展我的根。大风来了,我不怕,紧抓着土壤不放松。

Investigating the effects of moxibustion on serum metabolism in healthy human body based on the ~1 H NMR metabolomics technology

Objective： To investigate the effects of moxibustion on the serum metabolism in healthy human body based on the 1H nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR） metabolomics technology, and to find the differences in metabolites, as well as to elucidate the effects of moxibustion on healthy human body from the viewpoint of global metabolism. Methods： Sixty subjects of healthy young men from the enrolled students were randomly divided into a moxibustion group and a control group using random number table, with 30 cases in each group. Subjects in the moxibustion group accepted mild moxibustion on the right Zusanli （ST 36）, once a day, 15 min for each time, and continuous treatment for 10 d; those in the control group did not receive any intervention. There were 28 cases in the moxibustion group and 23 cases in the control group after interventions. On the 2st day, 5th day and lOth day of the intervention, serum samples were collected from subjects of the two groups, and metabolic spectra were obtained by the 1H NMR technology. Results： Before and after the intervention, serum 1H NMR of the moxibustion group was significantly different, while the difference was insignificant in the control group. Metabolite changes in the moxibustion group were mainly in low density lipoprotein （LDL）/very low density lipoprotein （VLDL）, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lactic acid, glutamine, citric acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, creatine, glycine, glycerol, glucose, tyrosine, histidine, formic acid, alanine, lysine, acetic acid, and glutamic acid. Conclusion： Moxibustion can cause changes of serum metabolic patterns in healthy human by influencing the concentrations of branched-chain amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and other metabolites to strengthen body＇s metabolisms of amino acids and fatty acid.