论谢节在玉山雅集中的地位和作用

在与玉山雅集主人顾瑛交往的张士诚势力文人群体中,谢节是核心人物。他与顾瑛心有灵犀,一见如故。位高权重的他不但为顾瑛提供了政治保障,还为其交游活动提供了便利。谢节为玉山雅集增添了别样风貌,并使这一关乎元末文坛整体发展的文学团体活动在战乱中保持了活跃。

The Role of Pineal Gland in Regulating Circadian Corticosterone Rhythm and Its Mechanism

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Metabolic Control and Growth Regulation in the Regenerating Human Liver Measured in Vivo by 31—phosophorus Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Objectives Partial hepatectomy induces a rapid transformation within the remnant liver, prompting a wave of hepatocyte mitosis which abates when the lost cell mass has been recovered. The mechanism of co-ordinated control of metabolism and maintenance of function during this period of dynamic change is incompletely understood. Furthermore, the biochemical basis of growth regulation in the regenerating liver has not been well defined. We have studied human liver regeneration using in vivo 31-phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31 P MRS). This non-invasive technique allows assay of high-energy phosphate compounds and also of phospholipid metabolites thought to be involved in cellular renewal processes.Methods Five patients undergoing liver resection were studied. Hepatic metabolism was evaluated using 31P MRS before surgery and on postoperative days 2,4,6 and 14. Estimation of liver volume by magnetic resonance imaging and blood sampling for biochemistry were performed at the same time points.Results We found that the regenerative response following loss of liver parenchyma produced a reversible decline in energy state which necessitated compensatory adjustments in liver synthetic and excretory (unctions. Volume regain was associated with alterations in phospholipid metabolism, which normalized when the hepatic growth spurt was completed.Conclusion These observations indicate that modulation of hepatocyte energy economy is necessary for the integrated recovery of liver cell mass and function. We propose that deficient hepatic energy production may explain the mechanism of liver failure after hepatectomy, and suggest that in vivo measurement of liver metabolism may provide a rational basis for the development and evaluation of hepatic support strategies.

Progress of Alzheimer＇s disease related glucose metabolism regulating hormones and a research perspective in nootropics of herbal medicine

Alzheimer’s disease as one of the neurodegenerative diseases, its pathological mechanisms still remains unclear. There’s evidence that diabetes is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. However, the fundamental cause of diabetes is abnormal glucose metabolism. There may be an inseparable relationship between glucose metabolism regulating hormones and Alzheimer’s disease. Here, we review the studies that connect the glucose metabolism regulating hormones to Alzheimer’s disease, and that suggest the quality of Alzheimer’s patients is improved by regulating glucose metabolism.

Nonlinear Mathematical Simulation and Analysis of Dha Regulon for Glycerol Metabolism in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Glycerol may be converted to 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PD) by Klebsiella pneumoniae under anaerobic conditions and glycerol dismutation involves two parallel pathways controlled by the dha regulon. In this study, a fourteen-dimensional nonlinear dynamic system is presented to describe the continuous culture and multiplicity analysis, in which two regulated negative-feedback mechanisms of repression and enzyme inhibition are investigated. The model describing the expression of gene-mRNA-enzyme-product was established according to the repression of the dha regulon by 3-hydroxypropionaldehy (3-HPA). Comparisons between simulated and experimental results indicate that the model can be used to describe the production of 1,3-PD under continuous fermentation. The new model is translated into the corresponding S-system version. The robustness of this model is discussed by using the S-system model and the sensitivity analysis shows that the model is sufficiently robust. The influences of initial glycerol concentration and dilution rate on the biosynthesis of 1,3-PD and the stability of the dha regulon model are investigated. The intracellular concentrations of glycerol, 1,3-PD, 3-HPA, repressor mRNA, repressor, mRNA and protein levels of glycerol dehydratase (GDHt) and 1,3-PD oxydoreductase (PDOR) can be predicted for continuous cultivation. The results of simulation and analysis indicate that 3-HPA accumulation will repress the expression of the dha regulon at the transcriptional level. This model gives new insights into the regulation of glycerol metabolism in K. pneumoniae and explain some of the experimental observations.

Effect of Dietary Potassium on Growth, Nitrogen Metabolism, Osmoregulation and Immunity of Pacific White Shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamel） Reared in Low Salinity Seawater

An 8 weeks feeding experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary potassium on the growth and physio-logical acclimation of Pacific white shrimp （Litopenaeus vannamei） reared in diluted seawater （salinity 4）. Six semi-purified practical diets containing 0.59, 0.96, 1.26, 1.48, 1.74, and 2.17 g potassium K＋ per 100 g diet were formulated, respectively. The survival and feed conversion rate did not show significant difference among groups of shrimps given these diets （P〉0.05）. The shrimps fed the diets containing 0.96-1.48 g K＋ per 100g diet gained the highest weight, specific growth rate, and protein efficiency ratio. Their ammonium-N excretion rate as well as hemolymph concentration of Na＋ and C1- were significantly lower than those of the control （P〈0.05）, but a reverse trend was observed for their gill Na＋/K＋-ATPase. Moreover, the shrimps fed with 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet were the highest in hemolymph urea level, and the phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities were significantly higher than those of the control （P〈0.05）. The growth and physiological response of the test shrimps suggested that diet containing 1.48 g K＋ per 100 g diet improved the growth of L. vannamei in low-salinity seawater, and enhanced the physiological acclimation of the organism.

Effects of Microgravity on Human Physiology and Ground-Based Models for Space Physiological Studies

With the development of manned spaceflight, more and more researches are involved in the area of gravitation physiology. When astronauts are exposed to microgravity, a series of special physiological or pathological changes will occur, which will start self-regulation mechanisms to reduce abnormalities and help the organism to better adapt to microgravity. However, these adaptive changes may also induce degradation or damage to physiological functions. This paper summarizes the physiological effects of microgravity on the human body from the aspects of skeletal and mineral metabolism, muscle structure and function, vestibular functions, cardiovascular function and pulmonary function, as well as expounds some commonly used ground-based space analogies. The paper will provide a reference for further study on the physiological effects of microgravity.

Lipid metabolism and Drosophila sperm development

Lipids are essential membrane structural components and important signal carriers. The major enzymatic metabolisms of various lipids (phospholipid, sphingolipid, cholesterol) are well studied. The developmental function of lipid metabolism has remained, for the most part, elusive. With the help of new techniques and model organisms, the important roles of lipid metabolism in development just start to emerge. Drosophila spermatogenesis is an ideal system for in vivo studies of cytokinesis and membrane remodeling during development. The metabolic regulators of many lipids, including phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids, fatty acids and cholesterol, are reported to play critical roles in various steps during Drosophila spermatogenesis. In this mini-review, we summarized recent findings supporting a tight link between lipids metabolism and Drosophila sperm development.

Recent advances in the neural regulation of feeding behavior in adult Drosophila

The ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis is a key capability critical for the survival and well-being of animals living in constantly changing environments.Metabolic homeostasis depends on neuromodulators,such as biogenic amines,neuropeptides,and hormones,to signal changes in animals’ internal metabolic status and to orchestrate their behaviors accordingly.An important example is the regulation of feeding behavior by conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms across the animal kingdom.Its relatively simple brain coupled with well-characterized genetics and behavioral paradigms makes the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster an excellent model for investigating the neuromodulatory regulation of feeding behavior.In this review we discuss the neuromodulators and neural circuits that integrate the internal physiological status with external sensory cues and modulate feeding behavior in adult fruit flies.Studies show that various specific aspects of feeding behavior are subjected to unique neuromodulatory regulation,which permits fruit flies to maintain metabolic homeostasis effectively.

Liver mitochondrial and whole-animal level metabolic compensation in a catfish during seasonal acclimatization

To examine whether metabolic compensation during seasonal acclimatization at the liver mitochondrial level is consistent with that at the whole-animal level, respiration rates of liver mitochondria and resting metabolic rates in winter- and sum- meracclimatized southern catfish （Silurus meridionalis Chen） were measured. At 12.5, 17.5, 22.5, 27.5 and 32.5~C, the mean values of state 3 respiration rates were 12.21, 13.84, 18.96, 24.78 and 32.01 nmol O2min-1 mg-1 mitochondrial protein in the winter group, and 8.56, 9.20, 17.32, 22.74 and 26.32 nmol 02 min-1 mgq in the summer group, respectively. At the five assay temperatures the resting metabolic rates were 24.86, 42.68, 61.59, 84.10 and 125.65 mg 02 h-1 kgI body mass in the winter group, and 22.89, 40.59, 52.94, 75.13 and 109.35 mg Oz h-1 kg-1 in the summer group, respectively. Total mitochondrial respiration rates in the liver organ were estimated based on state 3 respiration rates, mitochondrial protein content and organ mass, and the mean values were 72.96, 71.87, 112.47, 167.35 and 183.27 nmol Ozmin-lin the winter group, and were 47.89, 47.39, 105.67, 138.18 and 132.29 nmol 02 min-1 in the summer group, respectively. Metabolic compensation caused by seasonal acclimatization occurred at the liver mitochondrial level and compensation at the liver organ level was found to be more efficient because of an in- crease in metabolic capacity of mitochondria and a boost in organ mass. Metabolic compensation at the whole-animal level was not detected. During seasonal acclimatization, the effect of metabolic compensation at liver mitochondrial level is inconsistent with that at the whole-animal level in the southern catfish. This may be due to different degrees of regulation of metabolic mechanisms among various tissues and organs in an acclimatized organism

Transcriptome sequencing and annotation of the halophytic microalga Dunaliella salina

The unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina is well adapted to salt stress and contains compounds（including β-carotene and vitamins） with potential commercial value.A large transcriptome database of D.salina during the adjustment, exponential and stationary growth phases was generated using a high throughput sequencing platform.We characterized the metabolic processes in D.salina with a focus on valuable metabolites, with the aim of manipulating D.salina to achieve greater economic value in large-scale production through a bioengineering strategy.Gene expression profiles under salt stress verified using quantitative polymerase chain reaction（qPCR） implied that salt can regulate the expression of key genes.This study generated a substantial fraction of D.salina transcriptional sequences for the entire growth cycle, providing a basis for the discovery of novel genes.This first full-scale transcriptome study of D.salina establishes a foundation for further comparative genomic studies.

RNA-seq reveals the critical role of Csp A in regulating Brucella melitensis metabolism and virulence

Brucella melitensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that replicates within macrophages. The ability of Brucella to survive and multiply in the hostile environment of host macrophages is essential for its virulence. The cold shock protein Csp A plays an important role in the virulence of B. melitensis. To analyze the genes regulated by Csp A, the whole transcriptomes of B. melitensis NI?csp A and its parental wild-type strain, B. melitensis NI, were sequenced and analyzed using the Solexa/Illumina sequencing platform. A total of 446 differentially expressed genes were identified, including 324 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated genes. Numerous genes identified are involved in amino acid, fatty acid, nitrogen, and energy metabolism. Interestingly, all genes involved in the type IV secretion system and Lux R-type regulatory protein Vjb R were significantly down-regulated in NI?csp A. In addition, an effector translocation assay confirmed that the function of T4 SS in NI?csp A is influenced by deletion of the csp A gene. These results revealed the differential phenomena associated with virulence and metabolism in NI?csp A and NI, providing important information for understanding detailed Csp A-regulated interaction networks and Brucella pathogenesis.

Effects of moniliformin and selenium on human articular cartilage metabolism and their potential relationships to the pathogenesis of Kashin-Beck disease

Objective： To investigate the effects of mycotoxin moniliformin （MON） on the metabolism of aggrecan and type 11 collagen in human chondrocytes in vitro and the relationship between MON and Kashin-Beck disease （KBD）. Methods： Human chondrocytes were isolated and cultured on bone matrix gelatin to form an artificial cartilage model in vitro with or without MON toxin. Cell viability was determined by 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay. The expression of aggrecan and type II collagen in the cartilage was determined using immunocytochemical staining. Results： MON toxin inhibited chondrocyte viability in dose-dependent and time-dependent manners. MON reduced aggrecan and type Ⅱ collagen syntheses in the tissue-engineered cartilage. MON also increased the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 （MMP-1）, MMP-13, BC4 epitopes, and CD44 in cartilages. However, the expression of 3B3（-） epitopes in cartilages was inhibited by MON. Selenium partially alleviated the damage of aggrecan induced by MON toxin. Conclusion： MON toxin promoted the catabolism of aggrecan and type II collagen in human chondrocytes.

Effects of Yishenjiangzhuo granules on immunity and bone metabolism in patients with stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease

OBJECTIVE:To determine the effects of Yishenjiangzhuo granules(YJG)on bone metabolism and to explore the changes in levels of bone Gla protein(BGP),tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase(TRAP),as well as their relationships with levels of B cells,regulatory T cells(Treg)and interleukin(IL)-17 in patients with stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease(CKD)before and after treatment.METHODS:Fifty-three stage 3-4 CKD patients were divided randomly into two groups:YJG treatment and control.Peripheral blood was taken from two groups of CKD patients and 21 healthy subjects in the normal group.The parameters determined were the levels of CD4+,CD19+,CD19+CD69+,CD19+AV,Treg(CD4+CD25+CD127lo),BGP,TRAP,IL-17,calcium,phosphate,blood urea nitrogen,serum creatinine(SCr),hemoglobin(Hb)in peripheral blood,and urinary creatinine.Calcium-phosphate products and endogenous creatinine clearance rate(CCr)were calculated according to standard protocols.RESULTS:In YJG and control groups,SCr levels were lowered(P<0.01)after treatment,whereas CCr(P<0.05)as well as Hb and albumin levels(P<0.01)were increased.The changes in levels of CCr and SCr in the YJG group were more significant.After treatment,CD19+CD69+and Treg levels in the two groups varied(P<0.01)compared with those of the normal group;the level of CD19+increased but the levels of CD4+and CD19+AV decreased(P<0.01)in both groups.Compared with the control group,the changes of CD19+and CD19+AV in the YJG group were more apparent(P<0.05).Compared with the normal group,levels of IL-17 in both groups increased significantly(P<0.01),and the difference in the control group was more significant(P<0.05).After treatment,the TRAP level increased(P<0.05),but the difference in BGP level(P>0.05)was not significant.CONCLUSION:In stage 3-4 CKD patients,B cells and IL-17 participated in the induction of osteoclast activation.YJG could also elevate the level of B cells and decrease their apoptosis,but showed no significant effects on active B cells,IL-17 or osteoclast activity.

Study on the mechanism of moxibustion for rheumatoid arthritis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

Objective To explore the mechanism of moxibustion for rheumatoid arthritis(RA)by observing the metabolite changes in urine using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS)-based metabolomic analysis.Methods Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into a control group,a model group,and a moxibustion group.Rats in the model and moxibustion groups were established as collagen-induced arthritis(CIA)models.The control and model groups did not receive any intervention;rats in the moxibustion group received moxibustion at Shenshu(BL23)and Zusanli(ST36).After three weeks of intervention,ankle joint,serum,and urine samples were collected for pathological examinations and metabolomic tests.Results After moxibustion treatment,the CIA rats showed increased body mass,reduced swelling of the hind paws and arthritis score,decreased serum cytokine levels,and improved histopathological evaluation of the ankle joint.Twenty-four significantly altered metabolites were found,mainly involved in alanine metabolism,taurine and hypotaurine metabolism,tricarboxylic acid cycle,phenylalanine metabolism,tyrosine metabolism,and primary bile acid biosynthesis.These metabolites may serve as potential biomarkers for RA.Conclusion Moxibustion can effectively resist inflammation in CIA rats.The potential biomarkers and the abnormal metabolic pathways of RA can be identified by LC-MS-based metabolomics.Metabolomics may be an effective way to explain the mechanism of moxibustion in treating RA.