Condition Metabolic Balance Disturbance in Patients with Cor Pulmonale： Prevalence, Diagnosis, Risk Factors

To study the risk factors for the development of cor pulmonale （CP） in patients with chronic pulmonary diseases in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the disbalance in parameters of stable metabolites oxides of the nitrogen （SMNO）, of blood oxygen saturation （SaO2）, of respiratory function and on lipid peroxidation of cell membrane were measured. The authors evaluated the effect of base therapy and ozone therapy （OT） in patients with CP. Basis therapy and OT resulted in good parameters of SMNo, SaO2 and metabolic activeness of cell, significant positiveness of hypoxemia and parameters of pulmonary ventilation ability and hemodynamics of pulmonary arteria.

Hepatic expression and cellular distribution of the glucose transporter family

Glucose and other carbohydrates are transported into cells using members of a family of integral membrane glucose transporter (GLUT) molecules. To date 14 members of this family, also called the solute carrier 2A proteins have been identified which are divided on the basis of transport characteristics and sequence similarities into several families (Classes 1 to 3). The expression of these different receptor subtypes varies between different species, tissues and cellular subtypes and each has differential sensitivities to stimuli such as insulin. The liver is a contributor to metabolic carbohydrate homeostasis and is a major site for synthesis, storage and redistribution of carbohydrates. Situations in which the balance of glucose homeostasis is upset such as diabetes or the metabolic syndrome can lead metabolic disturbances that drive chronic organ damage and failure, confirming the importance of understanding the molecular regulation of hepatic glucose homeostasis. There is a considerable literature describing the expression and function of receptors that regulate glucose uptake and release by hepatocytes, the most import cells in glucose regulation and glycogen storage. However there is less appreciation of the roles of GLUTs expressed by non parenchymal cell types within the liver, all of which require carbohydrate to function. A better understanding of the detailed cellular distribution of GLUTs in human liver tissue may shed light on mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. This review summarises the available literature on hepatocellular expression of GLUTs in health and disease and highlights areas where further investigation is required.

Assessment of nitrogen maintenance requirement in juvenile Black Porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli

Nitrogen balance method and nitrogen-free diet were used in this study to determine nitrogen maintenance requirement (NM) and nitrogen maintenance requirement per unit metabolism body weight (NM’) of black porgy Acanthopagrus schlegeli. Fish with body weight (BW) of 50, 80, 120, 160 and 200 g were fed by the diets containing three graded levels of crude protein (380, 420 and 460 g/kg). The results from nitrogen balance experiment showed that the amount of nitrogen deposition varied from 0.15 to 0.31 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 12.2% to 21.1% of nitrogen intake. The amount of fecal nitrogen excretion varied from 0.21 to 0.32 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 16.3% to 21.6% of nitrogen intake. The endogenous nitrogen excretion, a main part of nitrogen consumption varied from 0.79 to 0.97 mg/g BW per day, accounting for 63.3 % to 68.0% of nitrogen intake. Positive correlation was found between NM and body weight, while a negative correlation was found between NM of unit body weight and the growth duration. No significant differences (p>0.05) were found in NM’ among different growth stages. The average of NM’ was 0.485 7mg/g per day. The results from nitrogen-free diet experiment showed that a negative correlation between NM and feed intake of nitrogen-free diet. NM increased with the decrease of feed intake of fish. The average of NM was 0.482 9 mg/g BW per day that was close to 0.483 8 mg/g BW obtained from fish with 120 g BW in nitrogen balance experiment. The nitrogen balance method is recommended to be a better method for determining NM in consideration of fish stress and result stability. This study also provides a calculated result of the protein content in diets, which is necessary for maintaining fish body protein at different growth stages. The calculation was based on the amount of nitrogen required for maintaining body protein per kg BW.

Glucose metabolic abnormality is associated with defective mineral homeostasis in skeletal disorder mouse model

Bone was reported as a crucial organ for regulating glucose homeostasis. In this study, we found that Phex mutant mice(PUG), a model of human X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets(XLH), displayed metabolic abnormality in addition to abnormal phosphate homeostasis, skeletal deformity and growth retardation. Glucose tolerance was elevated with enhanced insulin sensitivity in PUG, though circulating insulin level decreased. Interestingly, bone mineral density defects and glucose metabolic abnormality were both rescued by adding phosphorus- and calcium-enriched supplements in daily diet. Serum insulin level, glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity showed no differences between PUG and wild-type mice with rescued osteocalcin(OCN) following treatment. Our study suggested that OCN is a potential mediator between mineral homeostasis and glucose metabolism. This investigation brings a new perspective on glucose metabolism regulation through skeleton triggered mineral homeostasis and provides new clues in clinical therapeutics of potential metabolic disorders in XLH patients.

Thermodynamic Significance of Human Basal Metabolism

The human basal state,a non-equilibrium steady state,is analysed in this paper in the light of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics whereby the thermodynamic significance of the basal metabolic rate and its distinction to the dissipation function and exergy loss are identified.The analysis demonstrates the correct expression of the effects of the blood flow on the heat balance in a human-body bio-heat model and the relationship between the basal metabolic rate and the blood perfusion.

G protein-coupled receptors in energy homeostasis

G-protein coupled receptors(GPCRs)compromise the largest membrane protein superfamily which play vital roles in physiological and pathophysiological processes including energy homeostasis.Moreover,they also represent the up-to-date most successful drug target.The gut hormone GPCRs,such as glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor,have been intensively studied for their roles in metabolism and respective drugs have developed for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes(T2D).Along with the advances of biomedical research,more GPCRs have been found to play important roles in the regulation of energy homeostasis from nutrient sensing,appetite control to glucose and fatty acid metabolism with various mechanisms.The investigation of their biological functions will not only improve our understanding of how our body keeps the balance of energy intake and expenditure,but also highlight the possible drug targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases.The present review summarizes GPCRs involved in the energy control with special emphasis on their pathophysiological roles in metabolic diseases and hopefully triggers more intensive and systematic investigations in the field so that a comprehensive network control of energy homeostasis will be revealed,and better drugs will be developed in the foreseeable future.