Effects of Postponing N Application on Metabolism,Absorption and Utilization of Nitrogen of Summer Maize in SuperHigh Yield Region

[Objective] The aim was to explore effects of application postponing of N fertilizer and the mechanism of yield increase in order to provide references for N fertilizer application in a rational way. [Method] In a super-high yielded region of summer maize, field experiment was conducted to research effects of N fertilizer postponing on key enzymes of N metabolism, yield of maize and N fertilizer use. [Result] After application of N fertilizer was postponed, NR, SPS and GS activities of ear-leaf of summer maize increased by 11.99%-34.87%, 8.25%-10.64% and 10.00%- 16.81% on the 28^th d of silking; content of soluble sugar in leaves enhanced signifi- cantly and accumulated nitrogen increased by 5.00%-9.74% in mature stage. The postponing fertilization of ＂30% of fertilizer in seedling stage＋30% of fertilizer in flare- opening stage＋40% of fertilizer in silking stage meets N demands of summer maize in late growth period. Compared with conventional fertilization, the maize yield, agro- nomic efficiency and use of N fertilizer all improved by 5.05%, 1.75 kg/kg and 6.87%, respectively, after application postponed. [Conclusion] Application postponing of N fertilizer maintains activity of NR, GS and SPS higher and coordinates metabolism of C and N in late growth period, to further improve yield of maize.

Effect of captopril on myocardial energy metabolism in chronic pressure overload rats

Objective To investigate the effects of captopril on cardiac function and levels of energy-rich phosphates in pressure overload induced left ventricular hypertrophy rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups： sham operation group （SH group, n=40）,coarctation of abdominal aorta group （CAA group, n=40） and captopril treatment lmg~ 100g1 ~ d-1） group （CAP group, n=40）. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure （LVEDP）, left venh-icular mass index （LVMI）, levels of energy-rich phosphates and morphological changes of the myocardial mitochondria were compared at the 62 and 82 week after operation. Results At 62 week, in CAA group, LVMI and LVEDP were increased and _ dp/dtmax was decreased, while ATP and ADP were decreased and AMP was increased （P〈0.01）. These changes were much obvious at 8th week （P〈0.01）. Compared with those of CAA group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ATP, ADP, AMP, TAN） in CAP group were improved significantly（P〈0.01） at the 6th and 8th week. In CAP group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ADP, AMP, TAN） were much better at 8~ week than those at 6th week. The morphological change of mitochondria was less in CAP group than that in CAA group. Conclusion Captopril significantly improves myocardial energy metabolism in pressure overload rats and protects the function of myocardial mitochondria

Serum Bcl-2 concentrations in overweight-obese subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

AIM： To shed some light on the relationship between anti-apoptotic serum Bcl-2 concentrations and metabolic status, anthropometric parameters, inflammation indi- ces, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease severity were investigated in 43 young individuals with fatty liver （FL） and 41 with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis （NASH）. METHODS： Circulating levels of Bcl-2 were detected in 84 patients with ultrasonographic findings of ＂bright liver＂ and/or hyper-transaminasemia of unknown origin and/or increase in T-glutamyl-transpeptidase （T-GT） strictly in the absence of other acute or chronic liver disease, whose age was not advanced, who gave consent to liver biopsy and were then divided on the basis of the histological results into two groups （43 with FL and 41 with NASH）. Twenty lean subjects, apparently healthy and young, were chosen as controls.RESULTS： Serum Bcl-2 concentrations were significantly higher in the FL group than in the NASH group. Insulin resistance and γ-GT activity were significantly higher in NASH subjects. Apoptotic hepatocytes were significantly more numerous in NASH patients. NASH patients presented with larger spleens and augmented C-reactive protein （CRP） concentrations than healthy subjects. Steatosis grade at histology was similar in both NASH and FL populations. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly related to anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein values in FL patients. Bcl-2 serum levels positively correlated to body mass index （BMI） values （P ~ 0.0001） but not to age of the population. Triglycerides/HDL ratio correlated well to waist circumference in males （P = 0.0008）. γ-GT activity was associated with homeostatic metabolic assessment （HOMA） （P = 0.0003） and with serum ferritin （P = 0.02）. Bcl-2 concentrations were not related to either spleen size or CRP values. NASH patients pre- sented a weak negative correlation between Iobular inflammation and Bcl-2 levels. A prediction by low values of serum Bcl-2 towards a greater presence of metabolically unhealthy overweight/obese patients （MUOs） was evidenced. HOMA, BMI and uric acid, in that sequence, best predicted serum Bcl-2 concentrations. CONCLUSION： IvlUOs could be detected by Bcl-2 levels. By favoring the life span of hepatocytes, and enhancing triglyceride formation, the anti-apoptotic process inhibits free fatty acids toxicity in FL.

The exciting and magical journey of components from compound formulae to where they fight

With its long-term empirical clinical practice and increasing number of health benefits reported,Chinese Materia Medica(CMM)is gaining increasing global acceptance.Importantly,the identification of chemical constituents in vitro and exposed forms in vivo is a prerequisite for understanding how CMM formulae prevent and treat diseases.This review systematically summarizes the exciting and magical journey of CMM components from compound formulae to where they fight,the possible structural transformation of CMM components in vitro and in vivo,and their pharmacological contribution.When a decoction is prepared,significant chemical reactions are observed,including degradation and production of polymers and self-assembling supramolecules,leading to the construction of a component library with diverse decoction structures.After ingestion,compounds pass through the intestinal and blood-brain barriers and undergo a more wonderful journey involving the gut microbiota,microbial enzymes,and endogenous drug-metabolizing enzymes(mainly liver enzymes).At this stage,they are modified and assembled into novel and complex compounds,such as newly generated metabolites,conjugates,and self-assembling superamolecules.This review might provide a strategic orientation to explore the active compounds of CMM formulae in vivo.

Metabolic response to 6-week aerobic exercise training and dieting in previously sedentary overweight and obese pre-menopausal women:A randomized trial

Background： The aim of this study was to compare 6 weeks short-term moderate intensity aerobic exercise and dieting on serum metabolomics and cardio-metabolic risk factors in pre-menopausal women. Methods： Ninety previously inactive overweight and obese （BMI 25-35 kg/m2） women （age 41.5 ± 7.6 years） were randomized to either a 6-week Nordic walking exercise program （EX, n = 45） or dietary counseling group （DI, n = 45）. Body composition, serum glucose, insulin and lipids were measured. Serum low-molecular-weight metabolites and lipid constituents were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Measurements were done at baseline and 7 days after the last training session. Results： Six weeks aerobic exercise program yielded reductions in serum free fatty acids （-34.7%, 95% confidence interval （CI）, -50 to -18, p 〈 0.001）, glucose （-9.6%, 95%CI, -15 to -4, p 〈 0.001） and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance （HOMA-IR） （-28.7%, 95%CI, -48 to -10, p = 0.005） without changes in body weight or fat mass. Diet counseling resulted in loss of body weight （1.5%, 95%CI, -2.3 to -0.7, p = 0.001） but no changes in free fatty acids, fasting glucose, or HOMA-IR were found. Conclusion： Our results indicate that small weight loss does not produce measurable health benefits, whereas short-term regular aerobic exercise can improve glucose and lipid metabolism even in the absence of weight loss in previously sedentary overweight and obese women.

Investigation of the Metabolic Flux Analysis Method for Overdetermined System

With the xanthan synthesis in Xanthomoaas campestris as an example, two methods for metabolic flux analysis of overdetermined system, the experimental data error minimization method and the equation error minimization method, are compared from their mathematical basis, rationality of the results and the easiness of computation. The results show that the experimental data error minimization method is appropriate in metabolic flux analysis of overdetermined system.

Growth, Metabolism and Physiological Response of the Sea Cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus Selenka During Periods of Inactivity

The growth, metabolism and physiological response of the sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus, were investigated during periods of inactivity. The body weight, oxygen consumption rate (OCR), activities of acidic phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), and content of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) in the body wall and coelomic fluid of A. japonicus were measured during starvation, experimental aestivation and aestivation. The results showed that the body weight of sea cucumber in the three treatments decreased significantly during the experimental period (P < 0.05). The OCR of sea cucumber reduced in starvation and experimental aestivation treatments, but increased gradually in natural aestivation treatment. The activities of ACP and AKP of sea cucumber decreased gradually in all treatments, whereas those of SOD and CAT as well as Hsp70 content decreased in the starvation and experimental aestivation treatments and increased in natural aestivation treatment. The sea cucumber entered a state of aestivation at 24℃. To some extent, the animals in experimental aestivation were different from those in natural aestivation in metabolism and physiological response. These findings suggested that the aestivation mechanism of A. japonicus is complex and may not be attributed to the elevated temperature only.

Orlistat-lnduced Modulation of Plasma Metabolites Independent of Weight Loss in Overweight Females

Orlistat-induced weight loss results in amelioration in several comorbidities including obesity-related dyslipidemia. The aim of the present study was to characterize the changes in the blood plasma metabolic profile from overweight women treated with Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor. A metabonomic approach employing LHNMR was applied to the access metabolic profile in lean and overweight women after a 120 day treatment with 120 mg of Orlistat three times daily. Twenty overweight women （BMI： 32.8 ± 2.9 kg/m2） were evaluated before and after Orlistat treatment and seven normal weight women （BMh 21.8 ± 1.4 kg/m2） were taken as control. After 120 days of treatment with Orlistat, no significant weight changes were observed. However, Orlistat-induced metabolic changes in overweight subjects decreased the profile differences between lean and obese individuals, independent of weight loss. These were associated to decreasing levels of lactate and calcium. Higher levels of lactate, alanine and lipids from overweight subjects were detected in comparison to lean individuals. These results show that a lipase inhibitor shifts the metabolic profile of overweight subjects towards normality, independent of weight loss.

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谢灵运在诗歌史上的功绩,主要是他第一个以成功的创作实践确立了山水题材的独立地位。朱自清先生称他是＂第一个在诗里全力刻画山水的人＂,是＂发现自然的诗人＂（《经典常谈》）。然而,这位伟大的诗人命运却很不美妙。谢灵运于宋元嘉十年（433年）被徙付广州,于他本人,这就是一场悲剧,是走向刑场的穷途末路,是人生最后的数月时光。亦如谢灵运的山水诗,一度被诟病拖着一条玄言的尾巴,谢灵运的南徙岁月,

保定地区方言古语词例释

方言中的古代语词是一批颇有价值的语言材料,对它的发掘和整理,是考证本地区文化发展工作的重要部分。本文仅就六个方言古汉语词给予训解和考释。

The internalization pathway,metabolic fate and biological effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the macrophage-like RAW264.7 cell

The potential applications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles （SPIONs） in several nanomedical fields have attract- ed intense interest based on the cell-nano interaction. However, the mechanisms underlying cell uptake, the intracellular trail, final fate and the biological effects of SPIONs have not yet been clearly elucidated. Here, we showed that multiple endocytic pathways were involved in the internalization process of SPIONs in the RAW264.7 macrophage. The internalized SPIONs were biocompatible and used three different metabolic pathways： The SPIONs were distributed to daughter cells during mito- sis; they were degraded in the lysosome and free iron was released into the intracellular iron metabolic pool; and, the intact SPIONs were potentially exocytosed out of the cells. The internalized SPIONs did not induce cell damage hut affected iron metabolism, inducing the upregulation of ferritin light chain at both the mRNA and protein levels and ferroportin 1 at the mRNA level. These results may contribute to the development of nanobiology and to the safe use of SPIONs in medicine when administered as a contrast medium or a drug delivery tool.