AIM: To study glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and glutamate uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (FC) from rats with prehepatic portal vein hypertension. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into shamoper...AIM: To study glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and glutamate uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (FC) from rats with prehepatic portal vein hypertension. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into shamoperated group and a portal hypertension (PH) group with a regulated stricture of the portal vein. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation 14 d after portal vein stricture. GS activity was determined in the hippocampus and FC. Specific uptake of radiolabeled L-glutamate was studied using synaptosome-enriched fractions that were freshly prepared from both brain areas. RESULTS: We observed that the activity of GS increased in the hippocampus of PH rats, as compared to control animals, and decreased in the FC. A significant decrease in glutamate uptake was found in both brain areas, and was more marked in the hippocampus. The decrease in glutamate uptake might have been caused by a deficient transport function, signif icantly and persistent increase in this excitatory neurotransmitter activity. CONCLUSION: The presence of moderate ammonia blood levels may add to the toxicity of excitotoxic glutamate in the brain, which causes alterations in brain function. Portal vein stricture that causes portal hypertension modif ies the normal function in some brain regions.展开更多
AIM:To investigate the possible biological outcome and effect of glutamine depletion in neonatal mice and rodent intestinal epithelial cells.METHODS:We developed three kinds of artificial milk with different amounts o...AIM:To investigate the possible biological outcome and effect of glutamine depletion in neonatal mice and rodent intestinal epithelial cells.METHODS:We developed three kinds of artificial milk with different amounts of glutamine;Complete amino acid milk (CAM),which is based on maternal mouse milk,glutamine-depleted milk (GDM),and glutaminerich milk (GRM).GRM contains three-fold more glutamine than CAM.Eighty-seven newborn mice were divided into three groups and were fed with either of CAM,GDM,or GRM via a recently improved nipple-bottle system for seven days.After the feeding period,the mice were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic observations by immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki-67 as markers of cell proliferation,and for cleaved-caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis.Moreover,IEC6 rat intestinal epithelial cells were cultured in different concentrations of glutamine and were subject to a 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate cell proliferation assay,flow cytometry,and western blotting to examine the biological effect of glutamine on cell growth and apoptosis.RESULTS:During the feeding period,we found colonic hemorrhage in six of 28 GDM-fed mice (21.4%),but not in the GRM-fed mice,with no differences in body weight gain between each group.Microscopic examination showed destruction of microvilli and the disappearance of glycocalyx of the intestinal wall in the colon epithelial tissues taken from GDM-fed mice.Intake of GDM reduced BrdU incorporation (the average percentage of BrdU-positive staining;GRM:13.8%,CAM:10.7%,GDM:1.14%,GRM vs GDM:P < 0.001,CAM vs GDM:P < 0.001) and Ki-67 labeling index (the average percentage of Ki67-positive staining;GRM:24.5%,CAM:22.4% GDM:19.4%,GRM vs GDM:P=0.001,CAM vs GDM:P =0.049),suggesting that glutamine depletion inhibited cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells.Glutamine deprivation further caused the deformation of the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane,accompanied by chromatin degeneration and an absence of fat droplets from the colonic epithelia,indicating that the cells underwent apoptosis.Moreover,immunohistochemical analysis revealed the appearance of cleaved caspase-3 in colonic epithelial cells of GDM-fed mice.Finally,when IEC6 rat intestinal epithelial cells were cultured without glutamine,cell proliferation was significantly suppressed after 24 h (relative cell growth;4 mmol/L:100.0% ± 36.1%,0 mmol/L:25.3% ± 25.0%,P < 0.05),with severe cellular damage.The cells underwent apoptosis,accompanied by increased cell population in sub-G0 phase (4 mmol/L:1.68%,0.4 mmol/L:1.35%,0 mmol/L:5.21%),where dying cells are supposed to accumulate.CONCLUSION:Glutamine is an important alimentary component for the maintenance of intestinal mucosa.Glutamine deprivation can cause instability of the intestinal epithelial alignment by increased apoptosis.展开更多
An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently...An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently,there is a growing interest in protein-polysaccharide complexes because of their potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.However,only few studies are available on the antioxidant activities of such complexes,in terms of their ROS scavenging capability.In this study,we combined and superoxide radicals,and to evaluate the influences on the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA）in UV-induced photoaging models.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of all the complexes were stronger than those of their individual components.Among the 11 complexes tested,two complexes,namely MA1000＋CP and κ-ca3000＋CP,turned out to be highly effective antioxidants.Although the detailed mechanisms of this improved scavenging ability are not fully understood,this work provides insights into the design of highly efficient peptide-oligosaccharide complexes for potential applications in pharmaceutical,cosmetics and food industries.展开更多
Following extensive bowel resection, the intestinal tract undergoes a variety of adaptive responses to enhance bowel function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glutamine-supplemented parenteral...Following extensive bowel resection, the intestinal tract undergoes a variety of adaptive responses to enhance bowel function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on mucosal cellularity and gut function. In addition, enterocyte gene expression of two relevant systems was also characterized and related to the structural and functional changes that occurred. Male Wistar rats underwent a 60% small bowel resection and jugular vein catheterization and were randomized into two groups. The control group (n = 10) received a standard intravenous nutritional solution and the study group (n = 10) received a similar solution but enriched with alanylglutamine dipeptide. After 7 days blood was taken for amino acid analysis, and bowel was harvested to determine mucosal morphology and expression of mucosal cell glutaminase and IGF-I mRNA. Mesentery lymphnodes were cultured to determine the presence of bacteria and thus access bacteria translocation. Serum glutamine concentration and mucosal architecture were maintained in the study group compared to the controls. Seventy percent of lymphnodes were cultured positive in control vs. only 20% in the study group (P展开更多
Characteristics and antioxidant activities of pepsin-soluble collagen （PSC） from yellow goosefish （Lophius litulon） skins were investigated. PSC was characterized as a type I collagen, and its imino acid content w...Characteristics and antioxidant activities of pepsin-soluble collagen （PSC） from yellow goosefish （Lophius litulon） skins were investigated. PSC was characterized as a type I collagen, and its imino acid content was 193 residues/1 000 residues. PSC＇s denaturation temperature was -17.56℃ and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of triple helices. Solubility analysis showed good solubility at acidic pH （1-6） or low NaCl concentrations （≤2%）. PSC showed scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSC could protect D-galactose-induced skin aging by significantly controlling malondialdehyde formation and improving the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and hydroxyproline. PSC may be a promising antioxidant in appropriate applications.展开更多
Objective： To observe the effect of needling Hegu （LI 4） on functions of the prefrontal cortex using the functional near infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS）. Methods： A total of 12 healthy volunteers were randomly ass...Objective： To observe the effect of needling Hegu （LI 4） on functions of the prefrontal cortex using the functional near infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS）. Methods： A total of 12 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to an acupuncture group （n=6） and a control group （n=6）. The control group received no intervention. The acupuncture group received needling Hegu （LI 4） on the right side. The real-time concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin （HbO2）, deoxygenated hemoglobin （d-Hb） and total hemoglobin （t-Hb） in the prefrontal cortex were recorded using the fNIRS, allowing for effect analysis of needling Hegu （LI 4） on the functions of the prefrontal cortex. Results： Compared with the control group, the HbO2 and t-Hb concentrations were increased in the acupuncture group and there were between-group statistical significances （bothP〈0.05）. There was no between-group statistical significance in d-Hb concentration （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Needling Hegu （LI 4） can extensively activate the prefrontal cortex and therefore has significant effect on the functions of the brain＆#39;s prefrontal cortex.展开更多
Objective： To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the skin histomorphology of senile mice. Methods： The subacute senile model of mouse was made by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose into the nec...Objective： To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the skin histomorphology of senile mice. Methods： The subacute senile model of mouse was made by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose into the neck, then they were randomly allocated into an acupuncture group, a moxibustion group, a model group, and a blank group, and measured the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）, activity of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, and content of hydroxyproline （Hyp） in the skin tissue. Results： Acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） could decrease the content of MDA, enhance the activity of GSH-Px, and increase the content of Hyp in the skin tissue of senile mice. Conclusion： Acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） could delay the senescence progress of mice＇s skin.展开更多
基金Supported by Grant B013 from the University of Buenos Aires, Argentina and PIP 5869 from National Research Council of Argentina
文摘AIM: To study glutamine synthetase (GS) activity and glutamate uptake in the hippocampus and frontal cortex (FC) from rats with prehepatic portal vein hypertension. METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into shamoperated group and a portal hypertension (PH) group with a regulated stricture of the portal vein. Animals were sacrificed by decapitation 14 d after portal vein stricture. GS activity was determined in the hippocampus and FC. Specific uptake of radiolabeled L-glutamate was studied using synaptosome-enriched fractions that were freshly prepared from both brain areas. RESULTS: We observed that the activity of GS increased in the hippocampus of PH rats, as compared to control animals, and decreased in the FC. A significant decrease in glutamate uptake was found in both brain areas, and was more marked in the hippocampus. The decrease in glutamate uptake might have been caused by a deficient transport function, signif icantly and persistent increase in this excitatory neurotransmitter activity. CONCLUSION: The presence of moderate ammonia blood levels may add to the toxicity of excitotoxic glutamate in the brain, which causes alterations in brain function. Portal vein stricture that causes portal hypertension modif ies the normal function in some brain regions.
基金Supported by The trust accounts of the Department of Gastroenterological Surgery,Transplant,and Surgical Oncology,Graduate School of Medicine,Dentistry,and Pharmaceutical Sciences,Okayama University
文摘AIM:To investigate the possible biological outcome and effect of glutamine depletion in neonatal mice and rodent intestinal epithelial cells.METHODS:We developed three kinds of artificial milk with different amounts of glutamine;Complete amino acid milk (CAM),which is based on maternal mouse milk,glutamine-depleted milk (GDM),and glutaminerich milk (GRM).GRM contains three-fold more glutamine than CAM.Eighty-seven newborn mice were divided into three groups and were fed with either of CAM,GDM,or GRM via a recently improved nipple-bottle system for seven days.After the feeding period,the mice were subjected to macroscopic and microscopic observations by immunohistochemistry for 5-bromo-2'deoxyuridine (BrdU) and Ki-67 as markers of cell proliferation,and for cleaved-caspase-3 as a marker of apoptosis.Moreover,IEC6 rat intestinal epithelial cells were cultured in different concentrations of glutamine and were subject to a 4-[3-(4-iodophenyl)-2-(4-nitrophenyl)2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate cell proliferation assay,flow cytometry,and western blotting to examine the biological effect of glutamine on cell growth and apoptosis.RESULTS:During the feeding period,we found colonic hemorrhage in six of 28 GDM-fed mice (21.4%),but not in the GRM-fed mice,with no differences in body weight gain between each group.Microscopic examination showed destruction of microvilli and the disappearance of glycocalyx of the intestinal wall in the colon epithelial tissues taken from GDM-fed mice.Intake of GDM reduced BrdU incorporation (the average percentage of BrdU-positive staining;GRM:13.8%,CAM:10.7%,GDM:1.14%,GRM vs GDM:P < 0.001,CAM vs GDM:P < 0.001) and Ki-67 labeling index (the average percentage of Ki67-positive staining;GRM:24.5%,CAM:22.4% GDM:19.4%,GRM vs GDM:P=0.001,CAM vs GDM:P =0.049),suggesting that glutamine depletion inhibited cell proliferation of intestinal epithelial cells.Glutamine deprivation further caused the deformation of the nuclear membrane and the plasma membrane,accompanied by chromatin degeneration and an absence of fat droplets from the colonic epithelia,indicating that the cells underwent apoptosis.Moreover,immunohistochemical analysis revealed the appearance of cleaved caspase-3 in colonic epithelial cells of GDM-fed mice.Finally,when IEC6 rat intestinal epithelial cells were cultured without glutamine,cell proliferation was significantly suppressed after 24 h (relative cell growth;4 mmol/L:100.0% ± 36.1%,0 mmol/L:25.3% ± 25.0%,P < 0.05),with severe cellular damage.The cells underwent apoptosis,accompanied by increased cell population in sub-G0 phase (4 mmol/L:1.68%,0.4 mmol/L:1.35%,0 mmol/L:5.21%),where dying cells are supposed to accumulate.CONCLUSION:Glutamine is an important alimentary component for the maintenance of intestinal mucosa.Glutamine deprivation can cause instability of the intestinal epithelial alignment by increased apoptosis.
基金funded by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China 863 Program Grant (2001AA620405)
文摘An excess of reactive oxygen species（ROS）leads to a variety of chronic health problems.As potent antioxidants,marine bioactive extracts containing oligosaccharides and peptides have been extensively studied.Recently,there is a growing interest in protein-polysaccharide complexes because of their potential uses in pharmaceutical and food industries.However,only few studies are available on the antioxidant activities of such complexes,in terms of their ROS scavenging capability.In this study,we combined and superoxide radicals,and to evaluate the influences on the activities of superoxide dismutase（SOD）,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）and the level of malondialdehyde（MDA）in UV-induced photoaging models.The results indicated that the antioxidant activities of all the complexes were stronger than those of their individual components.Among the 11 complexes tested,two complexes,namely MA1000＋CP and κ-ca3000＋CP,turned out to be highly effective antioxidants.Although the detailed mechanisms of this improved scavenging ability are not fully understood,this work provides insights into the design of highly efficient peptide-oligosaccharide complexes for potential applications in pharmaceutical,cosmetics and food industries.
文摘Following extensive bowel resection, the intestinal tract undergoes a variety of adaptive responses to enhance bowel function. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of glutamine-supplemented parenteral nutrition on mucosal cellularity and gut function. In addition, enterocyte gene expression of two relevant systems was also characterized and related to the structural and functional changes that occurred. Male Wistar rats underwent a 60% small bowel resection and jugular vein catheterization and were randomized into two groups. The control group (n = 10) received a standard intravenous nutritional solution and the study group (n = 10) received a similar solution but enriched with alanylglutamine dipeptide. After 7 days blood was taken for amino acid analysis, and bowel was harvested to determine mucosal morphology and expression of mucosal cell glutaminase and IGF-I mRNA. Mesentery lymphnodes were cultured to determine the presence of bacteria and thus access bacteria translocation. Serum glutamine concentration and mucosal architecture were maintained in the study group compared to the controls. Seventy percent of lymphnodes were cultured positive in control vs. only 20% in the study group (P
基金Supported by the International S&T Cooperation Program of China(No.2015DFA30980)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LQ14C170001)the Special Program for the Science and Technology Plan of Zhejiang Province(No.2011C02003)
文摘Characteristics and antioxidant activities of pepsin-soluble collagen （PSC） from yellow goosefish （Lophius litulon） skins were investigated. PSC was characterized as a type I collagen, and its imino acid content was 193 residues/1 000 residues. PSC＇s denaturation temperature was -17.56℃ and Fourier transform infrared spectra confirmed the presence of triple helices. Solubility analysis showed good solubility at acidic pH （1-6） or low NaCl concentrations （≤2%）. PSC showed scavenging activity against hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, PSC could protect D-galactose-induced skin aging by significantly controlling malondialdehyde formation and improving the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and hydroxyproline. PSC may be a promising antioxidant in appropriate applications.
基金supported by Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China No.81460744Project of Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province No.1308RJZA150~~
文摘Objective： To observe the effect of needling Hegu （LI 4） on functions of the prefrontal cortex using the functional near infrared spectroscopy （fNIRS）. Methods： A total of 12 healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to an acupuncture group （n=6） and a control group （n=6）. The control group received no intervention. The acupuncture group received needling Hegu （LI 4） on the right side. The real-time concentration changes of oxygenated hemoglobin （HbO2）, deoxygenated hemoglobin （d-Hb） and total hemoglobin （t-Hb） in the prefrontal cortex were recorded using the fNIRS, allowing for effect analysis of needling Hegu （LI 4） on the functions of the prefrontal cortex. Results： Compared with the control group, the HbO2 and t-Hb concentrations were increased in the acupuncture group and there were between-group statistical significances （bothP〈0.05）. There was no between-group statistical significance in d-Hb concentration （P〉0.05）. Conclusion： Needling Hegu （LI 4） can extensively activate the prefrontal cortex and therefore has significant effect on the functions of the brain＆#39;s prefrontal cortex.
基金National Key Laboratory Cultivation of the Laboratory on Combined Acupuncture and Medication,Higher Education of Jiangsu Province
文摘Objective： To observe the effects of acupuncture and moxibustion on the skin histomorphology of senile mice. Methods： The subacute senile model of mouse was made by subcutaneous injection of D-galactose into the neck, then they were randomly allocated into an acupuncture group, a moxibustion group, a model group, and a blank group, and measured the content of malondialdehyde （MDA）, activity of glutathione peroxidase （GSH-Px）, and content of hydroxyproline （Hyp） in the skin tissue. Results： Acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） could decrease the content of MDA, enhance the activity of GSH-Px, and increase the content of Hyp in the skin tissue of senile mice. Conclusion： Acupuncture and moxibustion at Zusanli （ST 36） could delay the senescence progress of mice＇s skin.
