R. W. Langacker的认知语法最重要的思想是:语法本质上是象征性的。本文将这一思想称之为"语法的象征观"。文章第一部分介绍了"语法象征观"的内涵及特征:语法是音义结合体;语法是由图式性程度不同的模式组成的;语...R. W. Langacker的认知语法最重要的思想是:语法本质上是象征性的。本文将这一思想称之为"语法的象征观"。文章第一部分介绍了"语法象征观"的内涵及特征:语法是音义结合体;语法是由图式性程度不同的模式组成的;语法和词库是一个连续统。语法是复杂的、意象性的、整体性的、规约性的,是有理可据的。第二部分简要说明基于语法象征观的语法分析以及语法象征观的理论意义和价值,以期对认知语法理论的应用提供参照。展开更多
The sea-land breeze circulation(SLBC) occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorologica...The sea-land breeze circulation(SLBC) occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze(SLB) is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency(49%) in summer and the minimum frequency(29%) in autumn. SLB frequencies(41%) are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the central mountain exhibits significant impacts on low-level airflow. A windward land breeze front usually occurs along the coastline between the wee hours and the morning in summer, with an arc-shaped convergence zone about 10 to 30 km off shore. In winter the arc-shaped convergence zone is weak and appears only in the southeast coastal area. Landing on the flat regions of northern to western parts of the island and going inland from there, the sea breeze front at the leeward side meets with that at the windward side in the centre of the island when sea breeze fully develops, causing an intense convergence zone throughout the whole island. Consistent with prevailing winds in direction, the windward sea breeze and leeward land breeze develop quickly but are not distinguishable from background winds.展开更多
The Yellow Wallpaper examines the role of women in 19th-century American society, including the relationship between husbands and wives, the economic and social dependence of women on men, and the repression of female...The Yellow Wallpaper examines the role of women in 19th-century American society, including the relationship between husbands and wives, the economic and social dependence of women on men, and the repression of female individuality and sexuality. The Victorian era had a profound impact on social values in the United States, stressing that women were to behave gracefully and remain within the domestic sphere. The novel takes place in a country house located about three miles from the nearest village. The Setting has the appearance of tranquility, but is actually a place of confinement--There are bars on the windows of the nursery, and the bed is secured to the floor The isolated location of the house, its somewhat neglected condition, and her further isolation in the fortress-like nursery, symbolize the narrator＇s mental condition. Several symbols are employed in the story to reveal the oppression of women by men and the struggle against that male dominated society. The yellow wallpaper is symbolic of the Cult of True Womanhood, which binds women to the home and family. Like Charlotte Gilman, women were constricted to the set parameters that men determined. Getting beyond the yellow wallpaper, women defied the corrupted power that men wielded over women, escaped their confinement, and created for themselves a new ideological role, one that included entry into the public sphere展开更多
Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains. This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS （Advanced Land Observing Satellite） in moun...Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains. This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS （Advanced Land Observing Satellite） in mountainous terrain. Mountainous terrain mapping using ALOS image faces numerous challenges. These include spectral confusion with other land cover features, topographic effects on spectral signatures （such as shadow）. At first, topographic radiometric correction was carried out to remove the illumination effects of topography. In addition to spectral features, texture features were used to assist classification in this paper. And texture features extracted based on GLCM （Gray Level Co- occurrence Matrix） were not only used for segmentation, but also used for building rules. The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification （MLC）. Results showed that the object-oriented method integrating spectral and texture features has achieved overall accuracy of 85.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.824, which is 13.48% and o.145 respectively higher than that got by MLC method. It indicated that texture features can significantly improve overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, and the classification precision of existing spectrum confusion features. Object-oriented method Integrating spectral and texture features is suitable for land use extraction of ALOS image in mountainous terrain.展开更多
文摘R. W. Langacker的认知语法最重要的思想是:语法本质上是象征性的。本文将这一思想称之为"语法的象征观"。文章第一部分介绍了"语法象征观"的内涵及特征:语法是音义结合体;语法是由图式性程度不同的模式组成的;语法和词库是一个连续统。语法是复杂的、意象性的、整体性的、规约性的,是有理可据的。第二部分简要说明基于语法象征观的语法分析以及语法象征观的理论意义和价值,以期对认知语法理论的应用提供参照。
基金Project for Developing and Planning Key National Fundamental Science Research(2010CB428501)Project for Developing and Planning National High-Technology Research(2008AA06A415,2009AA06A41802)Science and Technology Planning Project for Guangdong Province(2012A061400012)
文摘The sea-land breeze circulation(SLBC) occurs regularly at coastal locations and influences the local weather and climate significantly. In this study, based on the observed surface wind in 9 conventional meteorological stations of Hainan Island, the frequency of sea-land breeze(SLB) is studied to depict the diurnal and seasonal variations. The statistics indicated that there is a monthly average of 12.2 SLB days and an occurrence frequency of about 40%, with the maximum frequency(49%) in summer and the minimum frequency(29%) in autumn. SLB frequencies(41%) are comparable in winter and spring. A higher frequency of SLB is present in the southern and central mountains due to the enhancement effect of the mountain-valley breeze. Due to the synoptic wind the number of SLB days in the northern hilly area is less than in other areas. Moreover, the WRF model, adopted to simulate the SLBC over the island for all seasons, performs reasonably well reproducing the phenomenon, evolution and mechanism of SLBC. Chiefly affected by the difference of temperature between sea and land, the SLBC varies in coverage and intensity with the seasons and reaches the greatest intensity in summer. The typical depth is about 2.5 km for sea breeze circulation and about 1.5 km for land breeze circulation. A strong convergence zone with severe ascending motion appears on the line parallel to the major axis of the island, penetrating 60 to 100 km inland. This type of weak sea breeze convergence zone in winter is north-south oriented. The features of SLBC in spring are similar both to that in summer with southerly wind and to that in winter with easterly wind. The coverage and intensity of SLBC in autumn is the weakest and confined to the southwest edge of the central mountainous area. The land breeze is inherently very weak and easily affected by the topography and weather. The coverage and intensity of the land breeze convergence line is significantly less than those of the sea breeze. The orographic forcing of the central mountain exhibits significant impacts on low-level airflow. A windward land breeze front usually occurs along the coastline between the wee hours and the morning in summer, with an arc-shaped convergence zone about 10 to 30 km off shore. In winter the arc-shaped convergence zone is weak and appears only in the southeast coastal area. Landing on the flat regions of northern to western parts of the island and going inland from there, the sea breeze front at the leeward side meets with that at the windward side in the centre of the island when sea breeze fully develops, causing an intense convergence zone throughout the whole island. Consistent with prevailing winds in direction, the windward sea breeze and leeward land breeze develop quickly but are not distinguishable from background winds.
文摘The Yellow Wallpaper examines the role of women in 19th-century American society, including the relationship between husbands and wives, the economic and social dependence of women on men, and the repression of female individuality and sexuality. The Victorian era had a profound impact on social values in the United States, stressing that women were to behave gracefully and remain within the domestic sphere. The novel takes place in a country house located about three miles from the nearest village. The Setting has the appearance of tranquility, but is actually a place of confinement--There are bars on the windows of the nursery, and the bed is secured to the floor The isolated location of the house, its somewhat neglected condition, and her further isolation in the fortress-like nursery, symbolize the narrator＇s mental condition. Several symbols are employed in the story to reveal the oppression of women by men and the struggle against that male dominated society. The yellow wallpaper is symbolic of the Cult of True Womanhood, which binds women to the home and family. Like Charlotte Gilman, women were constricted to the set parameters that men determined. Getting beyond the yellow wallpaper, women defied the corrupted power that men wielded over women, escaped their confinement, and created for themselves a new ideological role, one that included entry into the public sphere
基金supported jointly by Key Laboratory of Geo-special Information Technology, Ministry of Land and Resources (Grant No. KLGSIT2013-12)Knowledge Innovation Program (Grant No. KSCX1-YW-09-01) of Chinese Academy of Sciences
文摘Most existing classification studies use spectral information and those were adequate for cities or plains. This paper explores classification method suitable for the ALOS （Advanced Land Observing Satellite） in mountainous terrain. Mountainous terrain mapping using ALOS image faces numerous challenges. These include spectral confusion with other land cover features, topographic effects on spectral signatures （such as shadow）. At first, topographic radiometric correction was carried out to remove the illumination effects of topography. In addition to spectral features, texture features were used to assist classification in this paper. And texture features extracted based on GLCM （Gray Level Co- occurrence Matrix） were not only used for segmentation, but also used for building rules. The performance of the method was evaluated and compared with Maximum Likelihood Classification （MLC）. Results showed that the object-oriented method integrating spectral and texture features has achieved overall accuracy of 85.73% with a kappa coefficient of 0.824, which is 13.48% and o.145 respectively higher than that got by MLC method. It indicated that texture features can significantly improve overall accuracy, kappa coefficient, and the classification precision of existing spectrum confusion features. Object-oriented method Integrating spectral and texture features is suitable for land use extraction of ALOS image in mountainous terrain.
