关于财务会计专业实践性教学的思考

现代教育理念影响下,如何从学生的实际情况出发,将理论知识融入实践性教学活动之中,是财务会计专业教学需要认真思考并良好解决的问题。文章旨在探讨财务会计专业实践性教学的应用策略。

Problems and Countermeasures of the Application of Enterprise Management Accounting Informatization

The development of the internet can have a huge impact on industries from the mode of operation and strategic direction. As the ＂core＂ of enterprises, the financial industry has undergone great changes also, and the mode of traditional accounting in manual has been replaced by a computerized accounting. A computer can do all the financial work from accounting to reporting. Efficient and convenient accounting work allows financial personnel have more energy and time in enterprise management and decision-making, and the core of financial work has shifted to management. Therefore, more and more enterprises realize management accounting＇s value and importance. Management accounting includes information collection, analysis, storage and transfer, as well as data processing and analysis, making information system essential. Thus, management accounting information system will be an indispensable tool for enterprise value management. In the study, based on management accounting information, application of management accounting information in mid and large-size enterprises in China was reviewed to analyze existing problems and propose countermeasures with consideration of financial cloud model and business intelligence.

Application of International Public Sector Accounting Standards in Vietnam in Current Conditions

The objective of improving the state accounting system is to build a state accounting system based on a single and complete database which is applied uniformly across all public authorities and agencies from central to local. Such an accounting system must ensure a reliable and smooth flow of information among all the entities that take part in the preparation, allocation, execution, and finalization of the state budget. In order to improve the quality of financial information, to harmonize, and to develop accounting profession globally, the trend of international economic integration requires the standardization of accounting legislative framework among countries and first of all, the harmonization and unification of the preparation, presentation, and disclosure of financial information. Financial statements of each business in the private sector and financial statements of the government in the public sector in different countries should be transparent and presented in accordance with the accounting standards and principles and in line with international practices so that the financial information will be able to be compared and evaluated. Therefore, financial statements of each entity in the public sector and the consolidated financial statements of public sector entities issued by the government in different countries must be prepared and presented in a unified form to suit the international public sector accounting standards. Accordingly, with the application of the interview method in research, the main objective of this article is to focus on searching for the bases and consideration for the application of international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam in current conditions. This article consists of eight sections： （1） what are international public sector accounting standards？ （2） accounting entities of the public sector; （3） the limitations of current public sector accounting in Vietnam; （4） financial information to meet the requirements of state management and to comply with international practices; （5） the advantages of applying international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam; （6） the difficulties and challenges of applying international public sector accounting standards in Vietnam; （7） learning experiences from other countries; and （8） conclusion.

Controversies over fair value accounting： The case of SMEs

This study analyses IASB＇s stipulations on fair value usage in its standard designed for SMEs and the reactions of national standard setters, preparers and users of financial reporting in this respect. It tries to clarify fair value applications such as market value and value in use and the appropriateness of their usage for the case on hand. This research determines the inconsistencies within IASB ED IFRSfor SMEs （2007） related to the usage of fair value, underlined by the respondents＇ comment letters. The content analysis of all the above, conducted according to the type of economy and nature of respondent, along with the statistical techniques applied, indicates a partial approval of fair value usage under the following conditions： clarification of the concept, details on its usage in relation to market liquidity and the nature of the asset, additional guidance regarding the measurement methods. We advocate for the value in use, an application of the fair value based on internal valuations, which offers an adequate cost-benefit rate. The final version ofIFRSfor SMEs highlights both the preference of market information over the internal valuations and the insufficient information regarding solutions suited for non-liquid markets. It may be appropriate for the IASB, maybe in collaboration with the IVSC, to provide guidance and details regarding the implementation and disclosure of the valuation techniques applicable to this type of entities.

Motifs and Impediments for the Harmonization of Accounting Regulations for Small and Medium-Sized Companies in the EU

Small and medium-sized companies in most EU countries form a considerable share in the total number of companies and are also an important development impeller of the entire economy. Therefore, one of the most essential goals of accounting authorities in the EU is accomplishing the harmonization of accounting regulations for these companies. In this paper, the author have discussed and explained the main motifs and impediments for this harmonization. One of the main motifs is a big span and complexity of international standards of financial reports which is allowed and even prescribed in many countries. Some of the main impediments are a lack of uniformity as far as criteria for classification of small and medium-sized companies according to size are concerned as well as the determining of limitations up to which the requirements in accounting standards for small and medium-sized companies should be set.

The effect of financial ratios, firm size, and cash flow from operating activities in the interim report to the stock return

The objective of this study is to examine the value relevance of accounting information in explaining stock return. The study uses profitability, liquidity, leverage, market ratio, size and cash flow as proxies of accounting information. Cumulative abnormal return and market adjusted return are used as stock return variables. The samples of the study are listed companies in manufacturing industries that actively trading between 2003-2006 in Indonesia Stock Market. The study finds that profitability, turnover and market ratio has significant impact to the stock return. The result consistent with previous studies Hobart （2006）, Utama and Santoso （1998） and Restraningsih （2007）.

Audit Quality in Practice A Critical Analysis of the Financial Reporting Council （FRC） Discussion Paper

The efforts by the Financial Reporting Council （FRC） in the United Kingdom （UK） to stimulate audit firms to improve audit quality manifest in its Discussion Paper： Promoting Audit Quality warrant further analysis. The discussion paper identified factors such as audit firm culture, the quality of people, the effectiveness of audit process, and outside factors such as management and audit committee （AC） which can affect level of audit quality in practice. Reporting upon the analysis of responses to the discussion paper, the objective of this study is to analyze views from the respondents about various issues related to audit quality. This study composes of how subject of audit quality is seen in practice, which contributes to our understanding of conditions, events, or processes that can affect audit quality in practice.

Investor Protection, Deviation of Local Accounting Standards From IFRS, and the Effectiveness of the IFRS Adoption

The objective of this study is to examine the effect of accounting standards and investor protection on value relevance of earnings and book value of equity among European Union countries during the years 1999-2007. The results indicate that the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards [IFRS] leads to improvement in value relevance, particularly on earnings. We also examine the impact of investor protection and the deviation of local accounting standards from IFRS on the effectiveness of the IFRS adoption. The results show supporting evidence for investor protection but inconclusive evidence for accounting standard deviation. However, additional analysis indicates that the countries which apparently benefit from adopting IFRS are those with high deviation of local accounting standards from IFRS and high investor protection. The findings imply that adopting IFRS alone cannot improve value relevance of accounting information, but standard setters and regulators need to strengthen their investor protection mechanisms in order to improve the quality of accounting information.

A Possible Narrative Section Harmonisation？ The Role of the Practice Statement Management Commentary

The Practice Statement provides a flexible approach to preparation of the management commentary, generating more meaningful disclosure and discussing those matters that are more relevant to the company＇s individual circumstances. In this direction, the International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has highlighted some content elements recognised as being fundamental for guaranteeing the usefulness of the management commentary. With reference to these elements, it is interesting to analyse the level of disclosure of the financial reporting. These analyses aim to identify the themes dealt with most extensively by the companies and those that require greater attention so that the narrative section of the financial statement is, on the one hand, at least consistent with the suggestions of the guideline and, on the other hand, contains information that is useful for the users. Lastly, in the light of the relevant European Union （EU） directives, the results of the analysis will help to formulate considerations on the ability of the IASB guideline to improve the completeness of the narrative section. All this is examined in a cross-country dimension： Financial reports in Italy and the United Kingdom （UK） are examined. The content analysis methodology is applied. Within the financial reporting, the management discussion is examined in particular. The analysis is performed considering 2008. This qualitative paper will contribute to the studies on disclosure and usefulness of the information provided.

Accounting treatment and internal controls in financial shared services ofmultinational corporations

Financial shared services （FSS） play an important role in multinational corporations for the effective cost management. FSS also can reduce errors and fraud so as to achieve perfect internal controls by standardized and procedural business processes which are important parts of internal controls. This paper emphasizes on two popular procedures and methods in multinational corporations. One is balance sheet reconciliation. It can illustrate the situation of accounts on an accrual basis which are the focus of internal audit and external audit. The other is Interco-Sop （Intercompany-standard operating procedure） which are important for to ensure the accuracy and effectiveness of accounting system and internal controls.

The Faithful Representation of Electrical Energy Sale and Purchase Agreements Under International Accounting Standards/International Financial Reporting Standards （IAS/IFRS）

This article aims at giving a contribution to the issue of accounting electrical energy sale and purchase agreements in accordance with the faithful representation principle. To this end, it must be ascertained whether electrical energy is bought/sold for an industrial use exclusively, so that the relevant transaction will be accounted as a normal purchase/sale, or through the lease of the relevant production plant, which would require the supply contract to be accounted in compliance with International Accounting Standards （IAS） 17 ＂Leasing＂. Alternatively, it must also be ascertained whether the relevant party is implementing financial trading strategies, as in such hypothesis, the supply contract is to be accounted as a financial instrument according to International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS） 9/IAS 39 ＂Financial Instruments＂. Finally, the modalities used by a number of companies listed on European regulated markets to account such kind of contracts will be analyzed.

Can the Dominant Trait Indicator Predict Success in a Financial Accounting Principles Course？ A Preliminary Look

The Myers Briggs Type Indicator （MBTI） test has been widely used in schools and career placement organizations to counsel individuals into compatible career choices. The test has also been utilized in academia to enhance instructor＇s knowledge of the different learning styles and thus allows them to develop strategies to increase students＇ learning. The test is a forced-choice self-reporting exam comprised of 126 questions. Based on Jung＇s theory of personality type, the test seeks to categorize personality types into 16 discrete groups based on the four preference poles （Myers, 1962）. The poles are based on the preference for： （1） introversion （I） or extroversion （E）; （2） sensing （S） or intuition （N）; （3） thinking （T） or feeling （F）; and （4）judging （J） or perception （P）. Laribee （1994） studied American accounting students and found that certain personality traits were over represented in upper-level accounting courses, while Macdaid, McCaulley, and Kainz （1986） found that the same personality trait groups were over-represented in the profession. Oswick and Barber （1998）, however, found no significant relationship between the grade earned in an introductory accounting course and the personality traits as identified by the MBTI with 344 UK-based accounting students. This study investigates the relationship between a student＇s academic success in a financial accounting principles course and the MBTI personality type indicators. The type distribution of 59 historically black colleges and universities＇ （HBCU） business administration majors was analyzed and separated into two groups. The groups were then tested to determine if there was a significant difference in the mean grade of the groups in accounting principles.

Research on the area which accounting calculated

Currently, accounting practices is restrained by the concept that financial accounting is based on the transaction. It excludes some important resources, like internal generated goodwill, from the accounting calculation system. So it fails to fully reflect the enterprise resource and their operating effects. Based on the analysis on recent demand and supply of accounting information, this paper proposes the view that financial accounting should be based on the value. In the authors＇ opinion, both the internal generated goodwill and the purchased goodwill have the same essence. They should be brought into the accounting system. Accounting should put the enterprise resource as its object, and the area of calculation should include enterprise resource＇s origin and composition of valuation, such as liabilities, equity and the remained of the rights, profit and comprehensive income and so on. Accounting should provide the information about the value and comprehensive income of the enterprise.

Human Resource Accounting： Costs and Benefits Analysis

Human resource accounting is related with intellectual capital in literature. This study adds another dimension for human resource accounting field. It is costs, human resource management related costs. Research topic is intellectual capital and human resource costs in human resource accounting. Research question is that human resource accounting is technic of management accounting. Research methodology is the case study approaches. Main result of study is that human resource costs are recorded in financial accounting and this information might be used by human resource leaders and other executives. Further, human resource of company may be recorded as intellectual capital in balanced sheet. Quantity of record might become total compensation of firms. In conclusion, HR accounting is management accounting technic with its support for information role and decision-making role.

The Conformity of University Accounting Education Curriculum to the Needs of the Labor Market in Romania

This study represents empirical research that aims to investigate how the labor market for the financial-accounting segment in Romania requires professional and personal skills developed within the accounting education curriculum in the Romanian universities of this profile, or these produce young practitioners inappropriate from the curricular point of view to the employers＇ demands. The study develops a statistical analysis of frequencies, aiming to find an importance stratification of the professional and personal characteristics in the employers＇ demands. The study groups the job advertisements into three categories： for financial accounting, managerial accounting and audit, and seeks to identify specific curriculum descriptors for these categories of professional development. At the same time, the study does a frequency analysis of curriculum descriptors and job execution, comparatively to the management jobs, attempting to do a hierarchy of professional and personal skills, depending on the wording of notices by employers. The conclusions of the report attempts to be a synthesis of the study assumptions results that lead to the idea that the curricular programs of the universities of this profile, though responding in terms of theoretical knowledge, should be extended in practice, but particularly in the personal skills development, which are defining in a competitive selection process.

Teaching Finance and Financial Accounting in an On-Line Program

In 2006, a private highly ranked Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International [AACSB] accredited business school introduced a hybrid face to face and on-line MBA program, tailored towards working professionals. The features of the program were highlighted by the ability of the participants to receive an MBA in about two years while maintaining their full-time jobs. Despite the considerable rigor and cost, the growth of the program has far exceeded original projections, and enrollment currently stands at over 400 participants in three locations, with a fourth slated for opening in 2012. In addition, the pedagogical tools learned and employed by the faculty and administrators are now being utilized in all other undergraduate, graduate, and executive education levels. Because the program curriculum spans both face to face and on-line learning, as well as a multi-disciplinary content and process, it has been challenging from the faculty side along a number of dimensions. This paper seeks to express the content and pedagogical angles from the view of one discipline＇s experience, so that other faculty and administrators can benefit from seeing this particular ＂early adoption＂ approach. In short, the author hopes that this paper steepens the learning curve for others who are thinking of delivering or teaching in this type of programmatic model in the future.

Comprehensive Income in Italy： Reporting Preferences and Its Effects on Performance Indicators

This paper reports on the choice made by listed Italian companies in their 2009 financial statements with respect to the option in International Accounting Standards （IAS） 1.81 concerning presentation of the statement of comprehensive income. It is reported that most companies have chosen to use the two-statement option, and that there is some evidence that this choice is related to the size and sign of total Other Comprehensive Income （OCI）. On this latter point, the paper emphatically aims to contribute to the literature on accounting policy choice with respect to a similar option in Statement of Financial Accounting Standards [SFAS] 130. In addition, pro forma calculations on Return on Equity （ROE） and Earnings per Share （EPS） are presented that illustrate, in effect, the variation across companies in size and sign of OCI.

An Increasing Rift Between Tax and Book Income After the Introduction of IFRS in Portugal

From January 1, 2010 the Portuguese system of financial accounting and reporting is based on the International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRS）. In Portugal, the taxable income of companies is derived from the accounting profit/loss. Adjustments are made to this figure to compute the taxable income. In this paper I will highlight the accounting and tax treatment of impairment losses in tangible assets, provisions, and the fair value method, concluding that the gap between accounting and tax rules did not diminish with the new system. In every one of the mentioned topics the rules inserted in the corporate tax code are quite different from the IFRS based accounting statements. Thus, an opportunity was lost to move towards a more harmonized system of computing book and tax income as far as corporate income tax is concerned

Financial Statements of Banks as a Source of Information About Implementation of IFRS 15： The Evidence from Poland

Banks in the economies of individual countries play the role of entities of public trust and are perceived as ＂too big to fail＂. In fact, they are exposed to risks associated with business operations. In practice, there are even instances of banks going bankrupt. Therefore, the reliability of the financial statements of a bank as a source of information about its financial condition is of particular importance. The main objective of creating IAS/IFRS and their implementation within the European Union is the strive to standardize accounting rules utilized by companies and other organizations. IFRS, as any other regulations, are subject to change over years. One of the recent changes is the introduction of IFRS 15 ＂Revenue from Contracts with Customers＂. In all entities using IAS/IFRS, communication of planned changes should involve disclosure ahead of time, regarding the analysis of their impact on the financial statements. The purpose of this paper has been to analyze whether the financial statements of banks contain any records on the impact of IFRS 15. These analyses are within the mainstream of studying how complete and prospective is the information contained in the financial statements for external users. The subjects for research are the consolidated financial statements of five major banks in Poland. As a result of research, it was found that in all studied cases, work on the implementation of IFRS 15 was observed. However, looking at every bank separately, a differentiated approach to presenting information on the standard is observed, which may be a hindrance for users of banks＇ financial statements.

IAS-IFRS Adoption Impact on Accounting Information： The Case of France

The International Accounting Standards Board （IASB） has established international standards （International Accounting Standards （lASs） and International Financial Reporting Standards （IFRSs）） to ensure more comparability and transparency and also higher-quality financial statements. The creation of such standards by the IASB aims at achieving harmonization of accounting practices among countries. The objective of this research is to show that in accordance with the expectations of international organizations, the adoption of IAS-IFRS increases the information content of financial statements and also to identify the key accounting variables that have been affected by this adoption. This article used a sample of year observations of 150 French firms which have adopted IAS-IFRS since 2005 as data to study the association relationship between accounting variables and stock returns before and after the adoption of IASs. The findings of this paper show that the application of IAS-IFRS as accounting standards increases the information content of accounting numbers. Dividends, long-term debts, equity, and revenue variables are most correlated with stock returns. Their information content has reached 80% after the adoption, while it was 30% before.