Intelligent Transportation System and Night Delivery Schemes for City Logistics

Intelligent Transportation System （ITS） integrates information and communication technologies with location based technologies into roads, vehicles, traffic and transport management systems. Application of ITS can improve situation in major cities where due to the increasing number of residents and level of motorization traffic congestion represents important issue. Another problem arises from this facts and that is that cities have contradictory needs as grooving need for goods within urban areas as well as need for less vehicles in the same area. The urban logistics activities by private companies within urban areas represent an integral part of city logistics that aims to improve the efficiency of urban freight transportation, reduce traffic congestion, mitigate environmental impacts, reduce costs and fuel consumption. This research presents application of ITS technologies and vehicle routing problem for night delivery scheme planning as one of the core techniques for modelling city logistics.

连结之消费者契约——提供商品或服务与授信

在消费者契约关系中,消费者往往有金钱信用或货物信用的需求。消费者可能自己向专以授信为业之企业经营者寻求信用,可能直接向提供商品或服务之企业经营者寻求货物信用或金钱信用,亦可能透过提供商品或服务之企业经营者向专以授信为业之企业经营者寻求金钱信用。当提供商品或服务之企业经营者无法交付商品或提供服务时,各种情形中的消费者对贷与金钱之企业经营者是否仍应承担偿还金钱之风险,不无异议。《德国民法典》第358条认为对消费者提供商品或服务与授信乃连结契约,经济上一体乃该项连结契约之要件,故前二种情形授信的态样应受到相同的评价,即当企业经营者不提供商品或服务时,消费者不应承担偿还信用之风险。即使企业经营者将授信关系让与第三人时,该授信关系亦不因让与而受影响。