国际海上货运规则中的航海过失免责条款

航海过失免责制度至今已发展了近百年。作为海商法中的一项重要制度,多年以来,国际海运中的航海过失免责条款一直饱受争议。本文回顾了航海过失免责的历史变迁和发展轨迹,通过对《海牙规则》、《海牙-维斯比规则》、《汉堡规则》和《鹿特丹规则》中航海过失免责条款不同规定的回顾,展开了对航海过失免责制度的存废一系列的讨论,比较分析航海过失免责制度存废的不同立场和理由。

营运线火车综合运价的有关问题

铁道部以铁建(1991)36号发布了《国家铁路基本建设工程设计概算编制办法》(以下简称“办法”),明确了为简化概算编制,根据铁道部铁运(1990)33号发布的《铁路货运规则》(以下简称“规则”)及其有关规定,按当地材料、外来材料(分厂发料、直发料)、机械设备等四类,在运距520km以内,

Effect of Ship Bow Overhang on Water Shipping for Ship Advancing in Regular Head Waves

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation dealing with the effect of bow overhang extensions on the quantity of shipping water over the foredeck in case of ships advancing in regular head waves. To perform this investigation, a series of free-running tests was conducted in regular waves using an experimental model of a multipurpose cargo ship to quantify the amount of shipping water. The tests were performed on five bow overhang variants with several combinations of wavelength and ship speed conditions. It was observed that the quantity of shipping water was affected by some parameters such as wavelength, ship speed, and bow shape in terms of an overhang extension. The results show the significant influence of an overhang extension, which is associated with the bow flare shape, on the occurrence of water shipping. These results involve the combined incoming regular waves and model speed.